Multipurpose tree species （MPTs） were studied in an agroforestry arboretum under subtropical humid climate in Northeast India. Out of 12 MPTs planted under agroforestry systems, Acacia auriculiformis in spacing of 2...Multipurpose tree species （MPTs） were studied in an agroforestry arboretum under subtropical humid climate in Northeast India. Out of 12 MPTs planted under agroforestry systems, Acacia auriculiformis in spacing of 2 m × 2 m （2500 stems·hm^-2） could have the potentiality to meet the timber/fuelwood requirement due to its high wood production of 635 m^3·hm^-2 with mean annual increment （MAI） of 2.54×10^-2 m^3.treel.a^-1 in a short rotation period of 10 years. Thus, A. auriculiformis is a short rotation forest tree species suitable to grow in subtropical humid climate. On the other hand, at 16 years of age, Eucalyptus hybrid and Michelia champaca in spacing of 3 m × 3 m （1111 stems.hm^2） produced appreciably high timber volume of 315 m^3.hm^-2 and 165 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.77×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1·a^-1 and 0.92×10.2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1, respectively. At 16 years of age, Gmelina arborea produced a timber volume of 147 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.47×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1 followed by Samania saman （140 m^3.hm^-2）, Albizziaprocera （113 m^3·hm^-2） and Tectona grandis （79 m3.hm^-2） with MAI of 1.40, 1.13 and 0.78 × 10^-2 m^3 .tree^-1a^-1, respectively in 4 m × 4 m spacing （625 stems.hm^-2）. Gliricidia maculata and Leucaena leucocephala could be used as live fences around the farm boundary to supply their N-rich leaves for mulch as well as manure to crops. In agroforestry arboretum, direct seeded upland rice （Oryza sativa - variety, AR-11）, groundnut （Arachis hypogaea - variety, JL-24） and sesamum （Sesamum indicum - variety, B-67） were grown during the initial period upto 8 years of tree establishment. Under other MPTs, there was a reduction in crop productivity as compared to open space. After 8 years of tree establishment, horti-silvi and silvi-pastoral systems were developed and pineapple （Ananas comosus - variety Queen）, turmeric （Curcuma longa -variety RCT -1） and cowpea （Vigna sinensis - variety Pusa Barsati） as forage crop were raised. The productivity of pineapple, turmeric and cowpea was comparatively high under Azadirachta indica. The productivity of horticultural and forage crops in association with trees such as G. arborea, A. procera, S. saman, T. grandis and M. champaca of high timber value could be harnessed as viable agroforestry systems. Changes in soil properties were also monitored. Amelioration of soil acidity, increase in soil organic carbon, and enhanced humification of soil humus, high nutrient availability, low soil erodibility and high surface soil （0-15 cm） moisture availability were noted in soils under MPTs.展开更多
We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground...We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground roots on each contour. The main roots at the south-facing slope (SS) developed in a long and straight form, and those on the north-facing slope (NS) in a twisted form. The side roots developed more than the main roots on the Ridge. The depth of taproots decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The roots on the SS developed in a pile-form root structure whereas those in the Ridge and NS developed concentrically near the root collar. The amount of root development decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The ratio of fine roots from the whole-root development decreased in the following order: Ridge > SS > NS. These results can guide considerations of growth differences according to the planting contour conditions for future establishment of P. densiflora artificial plantations.展开更多
To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to ...To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to determine the correct amount of charcoal for Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi Sarg.)seedling growth by applying oak charcoal to basic soil medium at ratios of 1:1,1:2,1:4 and 1:8 by volume.The second experiment investigated the combined effects of four types of charcoal:derived from oak wood,husks of buckwheat,rice and activated charcoal of larch wood,and two types of ECMF:Pt(Pisolithus tinctorius Pers.)and Ec(Pt+Rhizopogon spp.+Laccaria spp.+Scleroderma spp.)on the growth of Japanese larch seedlings.Our results show that growth was significantly stressed by large amounts charcoal applications.There were significant variations among the four types of charcoal on growth.We concluded that the addition of charcoal was the critical factor that influenced larch growth and ECMF formation.Rice charcoal and Ec stimulates the growth and nitrogen uptake of Japanese larch seedlings,thus the most suitable fungus and charcoal for practices is Ec-rice charcoal(1:8 charcoal to basic soil).展开更多
The objective of this study was to construct the infectious clone of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) BJC3 strain.The genomic cDNA of the virus was amplified by three overlapping segments using RT-PCR,and cloned into...The objective of this study was to construct the infectious clone of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) BJC3 strain.The genomic cDNA of the virus was amplified by three overlapping segments using RT-PCR,and cloned into low-copy plasmid pWSK29 to construct the full-length cDNA clone pWSKBJC3/ w.The pWSKBJC3/w was in vitro transcribed and transfected into BHK-21 cells to rescue the virus.The results showed that the full-length cDNA clone was infectious and the virus could be rescued in BHK-21 cells.The rescued virus designated RvBJC3W was identified by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA).The rescued virus had similar growth characteristics to its parental virus BJC3 and retained pathogenicity for mice.Our results indicate that the first infectious cDNA clone of EMCV in China has been successfully established and provides an essential tool for investigating the molecular basis of pathogenicity of EMCV.展开更多
In order to study and popularize clones from the introduced Robinia pseudoacacia, morphological charac- teristics and leaf nutrition of samples of a three-year-old stand were observed and analyzed during its growing s...In order to study and popularize clones from the introduced Robinia pseudoacacia, morphological charac- teristics and leaf nutrition of samples of a three-year-old stand were observed and analyzed during its growing season. Combined with data on rooting ability, height and basal diameter, comparisons were made on morphological characteris- tics, growth traits and leaf nutrition of 11 introduced R. pseudoacacia clones （two from Hungary and nine from South Ko- rea） and two domestic clones, The results show that there are significant differences in growth and morphological char- acteristics among the 13 clones, but no significant differences in the contents of crude protein and crude fibers in the leaves （p 〉 0.05）. Height and basal diameter growth of clones B and G were recorded as the fastest, while clone H1 was the slowest. Clone H2 had the largest leaflets, three times as large as other clones, while K4 had the heaviest dry weight per 100 leaflets because of its thick leaves. The 13 clones can be divided into four classes based on the number of leaf- lets per compound leaf, i.e., 1-3, 13-17, 15-23 and 21-25. There were significant differences in thorn size： H2, with the largest leaflets had the smallest thorns. While of course all clones produced roots, there were significant differences; clones 2N, K5 and B had many adventitious roots, while clones K3, K4 and H1 had few. Correlation between content of crude protein and （length x width of leaf） was positive （p 〈 0.05）, while correlations of the content of crude protein, with the number of leaflets per compound leaf, petiole length of compound leaf and thorn length were negative （p 〈 0.01）. Plant height and basal diameter were positively correlated with each other （p 〈 0.01） and negatively correlated with base width of thorns （p 〈 0.05）.展开更多
文摘Multipurpose tree species （MPTs） were studied in an agroforestry arboretum under subtropical humid climate in Northeast India. Out of 12 MPTs planted under agroforestry systems, Acacia auriculiformis in spacing of 2 m × 2 m （2500 stems·hm^-2） could have the potentiality to meet the timber/fuelwood requirement due to its high wood production of 635 m^3·hm^-2 with mean annual increment （MAI） of 2.54×10^-2 m^3.treel.a^-1 in a short rotation period of 10 years. Thus, A. auriculiformis is a short rotation forest tree species suitable to grow in subtropical humid climate. On the other hand, at 16 years of age, Eucalyptus hybrid and Michelia champaca in spacing of 3 m × 3 m （1111 stems.hm^2） produced appreciably high timber volume of 315 m^3.hm^-2 and 165 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.77×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1·a^-1 and 0.92×10.2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1, respectively. At 16 years of age, Gmelina arborea produced a timber volume of 147 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.47×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1 followed by Samania saman （140 m^3.hm^-2）, Albizziaprocera （113 m^3·hm^-2） and Tectona grandis （79 m3.hm^-2） with MAI of 1.40, 1.13 and 0.78 × 10^-2 m^3 .tree^-1a^-1, respectively in 4 m × 4 m spacing （625 stems.hm^-2）. Gliricidia maculata and Leucaena leucocephala could be used as live fences around the farm boundary to supply their N-rich leaves for mulch as well as manure to crops. In agroforestry arboretum, direct seeded upland rice （Oryza sativa - variety, AR-11）, groundnut （Arachis hypogaea - variety, JL-24） and sesamum （Sesamum indicum - variety, B-67） were grown during the initial period upto 8 years of tree establishment. Under other MPTs, there was a reduction in crop productivity as compared to open space. After 8 years of tree establishment, horti-silvi and silvi-pastoral systems were developed and pineapple （Ananas comosus - variety Queen）, turmeric （Curcuma longa -variety RCT -1） and cowpea （Vigna sinensis - variety Pusa Barsati） as forage crop were raised. The productivity of pineapple, turmeric and cowpea was comparatively high under Azadirachta indica. The productivity of horticultural and forage crops in association with trees such as G. arborea, A. procera, S. saman, T. grandis and M. champaca of high timber value could be harnessed as viable agroforestry systems. Changes in soil properties were also monitored. Amelioration of soil acidity, increase in soil organic carbon, and enhanced humification of soil humus, high nutrient availability, low soil erodibility and high surface soil （0-15 cm） moisture availability were noted in soils under MPTs.
基金supported by a research Grant from Yeungnam University in 2015the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant(NRF No.2016M3C1B6929073)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning of the Republic of Korea
文摘We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground roots on each contour. The main roots at the south-facing slope (SS) developed in a long and straight form, and those on the north-facing slope (NS) in a twisted form. The side roots developed more than the main roots on the Ridge. The depth of taproots decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The roots on the SS developed in a pile-form root structure whereas those in the Ridge and NS developed concentrically near the root collar. The amount of root development decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The ratio of fine roots from the whole-root development decreased in the following order: Ridge > SS > NS. These results can guide considerations of growth differences according to the planting contour conditions for future establishment of P. densiflora artificial plantations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022 YFF 1303201)the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
文摘To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to determine the correct amount of charcoal for Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi Sarg.)seedling growth by applying oak charcoal to basic soil medium at ratios of 1:1,1:2,1:4 and 1:8 by volume.The second experiment investigated the combined effects of four types of charcoal:derived from oak wood,husks of buckwheat,rice and activated charcoal of larch wood,and two types of ECMF:Pt(Pisolithus tinctorius Pers.)and Ec(Pt+Rhizopogon spp.+Laccaria spp.+Scleroderma spp.)on the growth of Japanese larch seedlings.Our results show that growth was significantly stressed by large amounts charcoal applications.There were significant variations among the four types of charcoal on growth.We concluded that the addition of charcoal was the critical factor that influenced larch growth and ECMF formation.Rice charcoal and Ec stimulates the growth and nitrogen uptake of Japanese larch seedlings,thus the most suitable fungus and charcoal for practices is Ec-rice charcoal(1:8 charcoal to basic soil).
基金supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(30530550)
文摘The objective of this study was to construct the infectious clone of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) BJC3 strain.The genomic cDNA of the virus was amplified by three overlapping segments using RT-PCR,and cloned into low-copy plasmid pWSK29 to construct the full-length cDNA clone pWSKBJC3/ w.The pWSKBJC3/w was in vitro transcribed and transfected into BHK-21 cells to rescue the virus.The results showed that the full-length cDNA clone was infectious and the virus could be rescued in BHK-21 cells.The rescued virus designated RvBJC3W was identified by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA).The rescued virus had similar growth characteristics to its parental virus BJC3 and retained pathogenicity for mice.Our results indicate that the first infectious cDNA clone of EMCV in China has been successfully established and provides an essential tool for investigating the molecular basis of pathogenicity of EMCV.
基金financially supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (No. 2006BAD01A1601)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No. 2007AA100105)+1 种基金the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 200803034)the Key ResearchProgram of the State Forestry Administration of China (No. 2004-04)
文摘In order to study and popularize clones from the introduced Robinia pseudoacacia, morphological charac- teristics and leaf nutrition of samples of a three-year-old stand were observed and analyzed during its growing season. Combined with data on rooting ability, height and basal diameter, comparisons were made on morphological characteris- tics, growth traits and leaf nutrition of 11 introduced R. pseudoacacia clones （two from Hungary and nine from South Ko- rea） and two domestic clones, The results show that there are significant differences in growth and morphological char- acteristics among the 13 clones, but no significant differences in the contents of crude protein and crude fibers in the leaves （p 〉 0.05）. Height and basal diameter growth of clones B and G were recorded as the fastest, while clone H1 was the slowest. Clone H2 had the largest leaflets, three times as large as other clones, while K4 had the heaviest dry weight per 100 leaflets because of its thick leaves. The 13 clones can be divided into four classes based on the number of leaf- lets per compound leaf, i.e., 1-3, 13-17, 15-23 and 21-25. There were significant differences in thorn size： H2, with the largest leaflets had the smallest thorns. While of course all clones produced roots, there were significant differences; clones 2N, K5 and B had many adventitious roots, while clones K3, K4 and H1 had few. Correlation between content of crude protein and （length x width of leaf） was positive （p 〈 0.05）, while correlations of the content of crude protein, with the number of leaflets per compound leaf, petiole length of compound leaf and thorn length were negative （p 〈 0.01）. Plant height and basal diameter were positively correlated with each other （p 〈 0.01） and negatively correlated with base width of thorns （p 〈 0.05）.
