To investigate the effects of billet geometry on the cold precision forging process of a helical gear, six different billet geometries were designed utilizing the relief-hole principle. And the influences of the bille...To investigate the effects of billet geometry on the cold precision forging process of a helical gear, six different billet geometries were designed utilizing the relief-hole principle. And the influences of the billet geometry on the forming load and the deformation uniformity were analyzed by three-dimensional （3D） finite element method （FEM） under the commercial software DEFORM 3D. The billet geometry was optimized to meet lower forming load and better deformation uniformity requirement. Deformation mechanism was studied through the distribution of flow velocity field and effective strain field. The forging experiments of the helical gear were successfully performed using lead material as a model material under the same process conditions used in the FE simulations. The results show that the forming load decreases as the diameter of relief-hole do increases, but the effect of do on the deformation uniformity is very complicated. The forming load is lower and the deformation is more uniform when do is 10 mm.展开更多
In the process of thin-wall parts assembly for an antenna,the parts assembly deformation deviation is occurring due to the riveting assembly.In view of the riveting assembly deformation problems,it can be analyzed thr...In the process of thin-wall parts assembly for an antenna,the parts assembly deformation deviation is occurring due to the riveting assembly.In view of the riveting assembly deformation problems,it can be analyzed through transient and static simulation.In this work,the theoretical deformation model for riveting assembly is established with round head rivet.The simulation analysis for riveting deformation is carried out with the riveting assembly piece including four rivets,which comparing with the measuring points experiment results of riveting test piece through dealing with the experimental data using the point coordinate transform method and the space line fitting method.Simultaneously,the deformation deviation of the overall thin-wall parts assembly structure is analyzed through finite element simulation;and its results are verified by the measuring experiment for riveting assembly with the deformation deviation of some key points on the thin-wall parts.Through the comparison analysis,it is shown that the simulation results agree well with the experimental results,which proves the correctness and effectiveness of the theoretical analysis,simulation results and the given experiment data processing method.Through the study on the riveting assembly for thin-wall parts,it will provide a theoretical foundation for improving thin-wall parts assembly quality of large antenna in future.展开更多
A rate dependent crystal plasticity constitutive model considering self and latent hardening in finite element analysis was developed to simulate rolling textures of pure aluminum. By changing the assignment of orient...A rate dependent crystal plasticity constitutive model considering self and latent hardening in finite element analysis was developed to simulate rolling textures of pure aluminum. By changing the assignment of orientations to finite elements, i.e. assigning the same set of orientations to all elements or different orientations to different elements, the influences of grain interaction on the formation of rolling textures were numerically simulated with this kind of crystal plasticity finite element model. The simulation results reveal that the grains without considering grain interaction rotate faster than those considering grain interaction, and the rotation of grain boundary is slowed down due to the grain interaction. For a good simulation more elements should be assigned to one grain, in which the effects of both the boundary and interior parts of grain contribute to the formation of rolling textures.展开更多
A two-pass annealing/quenching internal spinning process with small-end rotations is proposed to form a curved generatrix conical thin-walled shell.That is,annealing at 360°C for 2 h followed by the 1st pass spin...A two-pass annealing/quenching internal spinning process with small-end rotations is proposed to form a curved generatrix conical thin-walled shell.That is,annealing at 360°C for 2 h followed by the 1st pass spinning,and finally quenching in ice water after holding for 1 h at 498°C followed by the 2nd pass spinning.ABAQUS finite element software is used to simulate the internal spinning process of the products formed under different forming parameters.The distribution laws of spinning force,the stress and strain under different forming processes were compared and analyzed.The mechanical properties and microstructure of the products are subsequently analyzed.The results show that the strain and the residual stress in the skin area of the formed products under two-pass spinning process more uniform,and the hardness and the mechanical performance are improved.The microstructure of the products formed with the 0.15 mm thickness reduction at the 2nd pass is excellent.And the second phase grain size distributed uniformly in the range of 36μm.Whereas,the second phase particles are broken seriously and the size distribution inhomogeneity is increased when the thickness reduction in the skin area is greater than 0.20 mm at the 2nd pass spinning process.展开更多
Tubular hydroforming has attracted increased attention in the vehicle industry recently. This paper covers a complete hydroforming process design for an instrum ent panel frame by finite element simulation using the e...Tubular hydroforming has attracted increased attention in the vehicle industry recently. This paper covers a complete hydroforming process design for an instrum ent panel frame by finite element simulation using the explicit code LS-DYNA. The manufacturing process for the instrument panel frame consists of tube pre-be nding and final hydroforming. To accomplish hydroforming process design successf ully, a thorough investigation of proper combination of process parameters such as internal hydraulic pressure and axial feeding is carried out by finite element simulation to predict the tube wall thickness and shape. An optimized process parameter combination is obtained and verified by the instrument panel frame hyd roforming experiment. The experiment shows that designed process parameters can be used in real production through FEA simulation, but tubular thinned amplitu de by FEA is less than that with the experiment.展开更多
A three-dimensional finite element simulation was carried out to investigate the effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation.The displacement controlled model (DCM) was used to simulate the tunneling-indu...A three-dimensional finite element simulation was carried out to investigate the effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation.The displacement controlled model (DCM) was used to simulate the tunneling-induced volume loss effects.The numerical model was verified based on the results of a centrifuge test and a set of parametric studies was implemented based on this model.There is good agreement between the trend of the results of the centrifuge test and the present model.The results of parametric studies show that the tunnelling-induced pile internal force and deformation depend mainly on the pile?tunnel distance,the pile length to tunnel depth ratio and the volume loss.Two different zones are separated by a 45° line projected from the tunnel springline.Within the zone of influence,the pile is subjected to tensile force and large settlement;whereas outside the zone of influence,dragload and small settlement are induced.It is also established that the impact of tunnelling on a pile group is substantially smaller as compared with a single pile in the same location with the rear pile in a group,demonstrating a positive pile group effect.展开更多
A shield machine with freezing function is proposed in order to realize tool change operation at atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the transformation project of freezing cutterhead and tool change maintenance method ...A shield machine with freezing function is proposed in order to realize tool change operation at atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the transformation project of freezing cutterhead and tool change maintenance method are put forward. Taking the shield construction of Huanxi Power Tunnel as an example, a numerical analysis of the freezing cutter head of the project was carried out. The results show that when the brine temperature is-25 °C, after 30 d of freezing, the thickness of the frozen wall can reach 0.67 m and the average temperature drops to-9.9 °C. When the brine temperature is-30 °C, after 50 d of freezing, the thickness of the frozen wall can reach 1.01 m and the average temperature drops to-12.4 °C. If the thickness of the frozen wall is 0.5 m and the average temperature is-10 °C, as the design index of the frozen wall, the brine temperature should be lower than-28 °C to meet the excavation requirements in 30 d. Analyzing the frozen wall stress under 0.5 m thickness and-10 °C average temperature condition, the tensile safety factor and compressive safety factor are both greater than 2 at the most dangerous position, which can meet the tool change requirements for shield construction.展开更多
Design and optimization of bushing at present mainly use the traditional experience method.The relevant research that adopts computer simulation to carry on the operation behavior of the bushing has appeared in recent...Design and optimization of bushing at present mainly use the traditional experience method.The relevant research that adopts computer simulation to carry on the operation behavior of the bushing has appeared in recent years.How to use the finite element method to research bushing was introduced in the article.Physics fields and many relevant parameters of one real bushing were calculated.Through the results of calculation,it indicate that the finite element method is very useful in bushing research of designing and optimizing.展开更多
Due to the complexity of investigating deformation mechanisms in helical rolling(HR) process with traditional analytical method, it is significant to develop a 3D finite element(FE) model of HR process. The key formin...Due to the complexity of investigating deformation mechanisms in helical rolling(HR) process with traditional analytical method, it is significant to develop a 3D finite element(FE) model of HR process. The key forming conditions of cold HR of bearing steel-balls were detailedly described. Then, by taking steel-ball rolling elements of the B7008 C angular contact ball bearing as an example, a completed 3D elastic-plastic FE model of cold HR forming process was established under SIMUFACT software environment. Furthermore, the deformation characteristics in HR process were discovered, including the forming process, evolution and distribution laws of strain, stress and damage based on Lemaitre relative damage model. The results reveal that the central loosening and cavity defects in HR process may have a combined effect of large negative hydrostatic pressure(positive mean stress)caused by multi-dimensional tensile stresses, high level transverse tensile stress, and circular-alternating shear stress in cross section.展开更多
Studies on ballistic penetration to laminates is complicated,but important for design effective protection of structures.Experimental means of study is expensive and can often be dangerous.Numerical simulation has bee...Studies on ballistic penetration to laminates is complicated,but important for design effective protection of structures.Experimental means of study is expensive and can often be dangerous.Numerical simulation has been an excellent supplement,but the computation is time-consuming.Main aim of this thesis was to develop and test an effective tool for real-time prediction of projectile penetrations to laminates by training a neural network and a decision tree regression model.A large number of finite element models were developed;the residual velocities of projectiles from finite element simulations were used as the target data and processed to produce sufficient number of training samples.Study focused on steel 4340tpolyurea laminates with various configurations.Four different 3D shapes of the projectiles were modeled and used in the training.The trained neural network and decision tree model was tested using independently generated test samples using finite element models.The predicted projectile velocity values using the trained machine learning models are then compared with the finite element simulation to verify the effectiveness of the models.Additionally,both models were trained using a published experimental data of projectile impacts to predict residual velocity of projectiles for the unseen samples.Performance of both the models was evaluated and compared.Models trained with Finite element simulation data samples were found capable to give more accurate predication,compared to the models trained with experimental data,because finite element modeling can generate much larger training set,and thus finite element solvers can serve as an excellent teacher.This study also showed that neural network model performs better with small experimental dataset compared to decision tree regression model.展开更多
The design of solid armature of railgun should take full account of its operating conditions and material properties because the armature is subjected to dynamic loading conditions and experiences a complicated electr...The design of solid armature of railgun should take full account of its operating conditions and material properties because the armature is subjected to dynamic loading conditions and experiences a complicated electrical,thermal and mechanical process in the interior ballistic cycle.In this paper present,we first introduced a multi-physical field model of railgun,followed by several examples to investigate the launching process.Especially,we used the explicit finite element method,in which material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity were accounted,to investigate the deform behaviors of solid armature.The results show that the dynamic mechanical process of armature is dependent on the armature geometry,material and exciting electric current.By the numerical simulation,the understanding of the fracture mechanism of solid armature was deepened.展开更多
Design of forming dies and whole process of simulation of cold rolling involutes spline can be realized by using of CAD software of PRO-E and CAE software of DEFORM-3D. Software DEFORM-3D provides an automatic and opt...Design of forming dies and whole process of simulation of cold rolling involutes spline can be realized by using of CAD software of PRO-E and CAE software of DEFORM-3D. Software DEFORM-3D provides an automatic and optimized remeshing function, especially for the large deformation. In order to use this function sufficiently, simulation of cold rolling involutes spline can be implemented indirectly. The relationship between die and workpiece, forming force and characteristic of deformation in the forming process of cold rolling involutes spline are analyzed and researched. Meanwhile, reliable proofs for the design of dies and deforming equipment are provided.展开更多
In order to investigate the process of incremental sheet forming (ISF) through both experimental and numerical approaches, a three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element model (FEM) was developed to simulate the pr...In order to investigate the process of incremental sheet forming (ISF) through both experimental and numerical approaches, a three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element model (FEM) was developed to simulate the process and the simulated results were compared with those of experiment. The results of numerical simulations, such as the strain history and distribution, the stress state and distribution, sheet thickness distribution, etc, were discussed in details, and the influences of process parameters on these results were also analyzed. The simulated results of the radial strain and the thickness distribution are in good agreement with experimental results. The simulations reveal that the deformation is localized around the tool and constantly remains close to a plane strain state. With decreasing depth step, increasing tool diameter and wall inclination angle, the axial stress reduces, leading to less thinning and more homogeneous plastic strain and thickness distribution. During ISF, the plastic strain increases stepwise under the action of the tool. Each increase in plastic strain is accompanied by hydrostatic pressure, which explains why obtainable deformation using ISF exceeds the forming limits of conventional sheet forming.展开更多
Railgun launcher design relies on appropriate models. A multi-field coupled model of railgun launcher was presented in this paper. The 3D transient multi-field was composed of electromagnetic field, thermal field and ...Railgun launcher design relies on appropriate models. A multi-field coupled model of railgun launcher was presented in this paper. The 3D transient multi-field was composed of electromagnetic field, thermal field and structural field. The magnetic diffusion equations were solved by a finite-element boundary-element coupling method. The thermal diffusion equations and structural equations were solved by a finite element method. A coupled calculation was achieved by the transfer data from the electromagnetic field to the thermal and structural fields. Some characteristics of railgun shot, such as velocity skin effect, melt-wave erosion and magnetic sawing, which are generated under the condition of large-current and high-speed sliding electrical contact, were demonstrated by numerical simulation.展开更多
基金Project(51105287)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To investigate the effects of billet geometry on the cold precision forging process of a helical gear, six different billet geometries were designed utilizing the relief-hole principle. And the influences of the billet geometry on the forming load and the deformation uniformity were analyzed by three-dimensional （3D） finite element method （FEM） under the commercial software DEFORM 3D. The billet geometry was optimized to meet lower forming load and better deformation uniformity requirement. Deformation mechanism was studied through the distribution of flow velocity field and effective strain field. The forging experiments of the helical gear were successfully performed using lead material as a model material under the same process conditions used in the FE simulations. The results show that the forming load decreases as the diameter of relief-hole do increases, but the effect of do on the deformation uniformity is very complicated. The forming load is lower and the deformation is more uniform when do is 10 mm.
基金Project(51675100)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2016ZX04004008)supported by the National Numerical Control Equipment Major Project of ChinaProject(6902002116)supported by the Foundation of Certain Ministry of China
文摘In the process of thin-wall parts assembly for an antenna,the parts assembly deformation deviation is occurring due to the riveting assembly.In view of the riveting assembly deformation problems,it can be analyzed through transient and static simulation.In this work,the theoretical deformation model for riveting assembly is established with round head rivet.The simulation analysis for riveting deformation is carried out with the riveting assembly piece including four rivets,which comparing with the measuring points experiment results of riveting test piece through dealing with the experimental data using the point coordinate transform method and the space line fitting method.Simultaneously,the deformation deviation of the overall thin-wall parts assembly structure is analyzed through finite element simulation;and its results are verified by the measuring experiment for riveting assembly with the deformation deviation of some key points on the thin-wall parts.Through the comparison analysis,it is shown that the simulation results agree well with the experimental results,which proves the correctness and effectiveness of the theoretical analysis,simulation results and the given experiment data processing method.Through the study on the riveting assembly for thin-wall parts,it will provide a theoretical foundation for improving thin-wall parts assembly quality of large antenna in future.
基金Projects(50230310 ,50301016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project(2004053304)supported by the Doctor Program Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China project(2005CB623706) supported by the State KeyFundamental Research and Development Programof China
文摘A rate dependent crystal plasticity constitutive model considering self and latent hardening in finite element analysis was developed to simulate rolling textures of pure aluminum. By changing the assignment of orientations to finite elements, i.e. assigning the same set of orientations to all elements or different orientations to different elements, the influences of grain interaction on the formation of rolling textures were numerically simulated with this kind of crystal plasticity finite element model. The simulation results reveal that the grains without considering grain interaction rotate faster than those considering grain interaction, and the rotation of grain boundary is slowed down due to the grain interaction. For a good simulation more elements should be assigned to one grain, in which the effects of both the boundary and interior parts of grain contribute to the formation of rolling textures.
基金Project(51775479)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(E2017203046)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China
文摘A two-pass annealing/quenching internal spinning process with small-end rotations is proposed to form a curved generatrix conical thin-walled shell.That is,annealing at 360°C for 2 h followed by the 1st pass spinning,and finally quenching in ice water after holding for 1 h at 498°C followed by the 2nd pass spinning.ABAQUS finite element software is used to simulate the internal spinning process of the products formed under different forming parameters.The distribution laws of spinning force,the stress and strain under different forming processes were compared and analyzed.The mechanical properties and microstructure of the products are subsequently analyzed.The results show that the strain and the residual stress in the skin area of the formed products under two-pass spinning process more uniform,and the hardness and the mechanical performance are improved.The microstructure of the products formed with the 0.15 mm thickness reduction at the 2nd pass is excellent.And the second phase grain size distributed uniformly in the range of 36μm.Whereas,the second phase particles are broken seriously and the size distribution inhomogeneity is increased when the thickness reduction in the skin area is greater than 0.20 mm at the 2nd pass spinning process.
文摘Tubular hydroforming has attracted increased attention in the vehicle industry recently. This paper covers a complete hydroforming process design for an instrum ent panel frame by finite element simulation using the explicit code LS-DYNA. The manufacturing process for the instrument panel frame consists of tube pre-be nding and final hydroforming. To accomplish hydroforming process design successf ully, a thorough investigation of proper combination of process parameters such as internal hydraulic pressure and axial feeding is carried out by finite element simulation to predict the tube wall thickness and shape. An optimized process parameter combination is obtained and verified by the instrument panel frame hyd roforming experiment. The experiment shows that designed process parameters can be used in real production through FEA simulation, but tubular thinned amplitu de by FEA is less than that with the experiment.
文摘A three-dimensional finite element simulation was carried out to investigate the effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation.The displacement controlled model (DCM) was used to simulate the tunneling-induced volume loss effects.The numerical model was verified based on the results of a centrifuge test and a set of parametric studies was implemented based on this model.There is good agreement between the trend of the results of the centrifuge test and the present model.The results of parametric studies show that the tunnelling-induced pile internal force and deformation depend mainly on the pile?tunnel distance,the pile length to tunnel depth ratio and the volume loss.Two different zones are separated by a 45° line projected from the tunnel springline.Within the zone of influence,the pile is subjected to tensile force and large settlement;whereas outside the zone of influence,dragload and small settlement are induced.It is also established that the impact of tunnelling on a pile group is substantially smaller as compared with a single pile in the same location with the rear pile in a group,demonstrating a positive pile group effect.
基金Project(2014FJ1002)supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(2012AA041803)supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China。
文摘A shield machine with freezing function is proposed in order to realize tool change operation at atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the transformation project of freezing cutterhead and tool change maintenance method are put forward. Taking the shield construction of Huanxi Power Tunnel as an example, a numerical analysis of the freezing cutter head of the project was carried out. The results show that when the brine temperature is-25 °C, after 30 d of freezing, the thickness of the frozen wall can reach 0.67 m and the average temperature drops to-9.9 °C. When the brine temperature is-30 °C, after 50 d of freezing, the thickness of the frozen wall can reach 1.01 m and the average temperature drops to-12.4 °C. If the thickness of the frozen wall is 0.5 m and the average temperature is-10 °C, as the design index of the frozen wall, the brine temperature should be lower than-28 °C to meet the excavation requirements in 30 d. Analyzing the frozen wall stress under 0.5 m thickness and-10 °C average temperature condition, the tensile safety factor and compressive safety factor are both greater than 2 at the most dangerous position, which can meet the tool change requirements for shield construction.
基金National Science Foundation of China Yunnan United Foundation.(U0837601)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province,China(2010CF126)
文摘Design and optimization of bushing at present mainly use the traditional experience method.The relevant research that adopts computer simulation to carry on the operation behavior of the bushing has appeared in recent years.How to use the finite element method to research bushing was introduced in the article.Physics fields and many relevant parameters of one real bushing were calculated.Through the results of calculation,it indicate that the finite element method is very useful in bushing research of designing and optimizing.
基金Project(2011CB706605)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(IRT13087)supported by the Innovative Research Team Development Program of Ministry of Education of ChinaProject(2012-86)supported by the Grant from the High-end Talent Leading Program of Hubei Province,China
文摘Due to the complexity of investigating deformation mechanisms in helical rolling(HR) process with traditional analytical method, it is significant to develop a 3D finite element(FE) model of HR process. The key forming conditions of cold HR of bearing steel-balls were detailedly described. Then, by taking steel-ball rolling elements of the B7008 C angular contact ball bearing as an example, a completed 3D elastic-plastic FE model of cold HR forming process was established under SIMUFACT software environment. Furthermore, the deformation characteristics in HR process were discovered, including the forming process, evolution and distribution laws of strain, stress and damage based on Lemaitre relative damage model. The results reveal that the central loosening and cavity defects in HR process may have a combined effect of large negative hydrostatic pressure(positive mean stress)caused by multi-dimensional tensile stresses, high level transverse tensile stress, and circular-alternating shear stress in cross section.
文摘Studies on ballistic penetration to laminates is complicated,but important for design effective protection of structures.Experimental means of study is expensive and can often be dangerous.Numerical simulation has been an excellent supplement,but the computation is time-consuming.Main aim of this thesis was to develop and test an effective tool for real-time prediction of projectile penetrations to laminates by training a neural network and a decision tree regression model.A large number of finite element models were developed;the residual velocities of projectiles from finite element simulations were used as the target data and processed to produce sufficient number of training samples.Study focused on steel 4340tpolyurea laminates with various configurations.Four different 3D shapes of the projectiles were modeled and used in the training.The trained neural network and decision tree model was tested using independently generated test samples using finite element models.The predicted projectile velocity values using the trained machine learning models are then compared with the finite element simulation to verify the effectiveness of the models.Additionally,both models were trained using a published experimental data of projectile impacts to predict residual velocity of projectiles for the unseen samples.Performance of both the models was evaluated and compared.Models trained with Finite element simulation data samples were found capable to give more accurate predication,compared to the models trained with experimental data,because finite element modeling can generate much larger training set,and thus finite element solvers can serve as an excellent teacher.This study also showed that neural network model performs better with small experimental dataset compared to decision tree regression model.
文摘The design of solid armature of railgun should take full account of its operating conditions and material properties because the armature is subjected to dynamic loading conditions and experiences a complicated electrical,thermal and mechanical process in the interior ballistic cycle.In this paper present,we first introduced a multi-physical field model of railgun,followed by several examples to investigate the launching process.Especially,we used the explicit finite element method,in which material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity were accounted,to investigate the deform behaviors of solid armature.The results show that the dynamic mechanical process of armature is dependent on the armature geometry,material and exciting electric current.By the numerical simulation,the understanding of the fracture mechanism of solid armature was deepened.
文摘Design of forming dies and whole process of simulation of cold rolling involutes spline can be realized by using of CAD software of PRO-E and CAE software of DEFORM-3D. Software DEFORM-3D provides an automatic and optimized remeshing function, especially for the large deformation. In order to use this function sufficiently, simulation of cold rolling involutes spline can be implemented indirectly. The relationship between die and workpiece, forming force and characteristic of deformation in the forming process of cold rolling involutes spline are analyzed and researched. Meanwhile, reliable proofs for the design of dies and deforming equipment are provided.
基金Project(50175034) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to investigate the process of incremental sheet forming (ISF) through both experimental and numerical approaches, a three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element model (FEM) was developed to simulate the process and the simulated results were compared with those of experiment. The results of numerical simulations, such as the strain history and distribution, the stress state and distribution, sheet thickness distribution, etc, were discussed in details, and the influences of process parameters on these results were also analyzed. The simulated results of the radial strain and the thickness distribution are in good agreement with experimental results. The simulations reveal that the deformation is localized around the tool and constantly remains close to a plane strain state. With decreasing depth step, increasing tool diameter and wall inclination angle, the axial stress reduces, leading to less thinning and more homogeneous plastic strain and thickness distribution. During ISF, the plastic strain increases stepwise under the action of the tool. Each increase in plastic strain is accompanied by hydrostatic pressure, which explains why obtainable deformation using ISF exceeds the forming limits of conventional sheet forming.
文摘Railgun launcher design relies on appropriate models. A multi-field coupled model of railgun launcher was presented in this paper. The 3D transient multi-field was composed of electromagnetic field, thermal field and structural field. The magnetic diffusion equations were solved by a finite-element boundary-element coupling method. The thermal diffusion equations and structural equations were solved by a finite element method. A coupled calculation was achieved by the transfer data from the electromagnetic field to the thermal and structural fields. Some characteristics of railgun shot, such as velocity skin effect, melt-wave erosion and magnetic sawing, which are generated under the condition of large-current and high-speed sliding electrical contact, were demonstrated by numerical simulation.
