Based on the principle of economy, this paper adopts the empirical and comparative methods to analyze English and Chinese Internet buzzwords from the perspective of lexicology to lay bare the similarity and difference...Based on the principle of economy, this paper adopts the empirical and comparative methods to analyze English and Chinese Internet buzzwords from the perspective of lexicology to lay bare the similarity and differences between English and Chinese Internet buzzwords so as to help reader have a better understand of the characteristics of the two languages.The materials applied in this paper are collected from the social networks and online news portals in order to objectively display the features of Internet buzzwords, thus giving readers a sense of reality and familiarity. Through the comparative analysis, we can arrive at the conclusion that different languages have different reflections of economy and the existent language is the most economical one for its users.展开更多
The sustainable production of green hydrogen via water electrolysis necessitates cost-effective electrocatalysts.By following the circular economy principle,the utilization of waste-derived catalysts significantly pro...The sustainable production of green hydrogen via water electrolysis necessitates cost-effective electrocatalysts.By following the circular economy principle,the utilization of waste-derived catalysts significantly promotes the sustainable development of green hydrogen energy.Currently,diverse waste-derived catalysts have exhibited excellent catalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and overall water electrolysis(OWE).Herein,we systematically examine recent achievements in waste-derived electrocatalysts for water electrolysis.The general principles of water electrolysis and design principles of efficient electrocatalysts are discussed,followed by the illustration of current strategies for transforming wastes into electrocatalysts.Then,applications of waste-derived catalysts(i.e.,carbon-based catalysts,transitional metal-based catalysts,and carbon-based heterostructure catalysts)in HER,OER,and OWE are reviewed successively.An emphasis is put on correlating the catalysts’structure-performance relationship.Also,challenges and research directions in this booming field are finally highlighted.This review would provide useful insights into the design,synthesis,and applications of waste-derived electrocatalysts,and thus accelerate the development of the circular economy-driven green hydrogen energy scheme.展开更多
In this paper the effect of gasoline formulations on fuel economy and emissions were studied,aiming at exploring the optimized fuel formulation that can alleviate energy crisis and greenhouse effect to some extent.Fiv...In this paper the effect of gasoline formulations on fuel economy and emissions were studied,aiming at exploring the optimized fuel formulation that can alleviate energy crisis and greenhouse effect to some extent.Five gasoline blends with same research octane number(RON)were designed and tested on a calibrated gasoline direct injection(GDI)engine under the mapped characteristic conditions.Test results illustrate that the optimized fuel formulation shows good superiority in fuel economy,and reduces carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions at low engine speeds with medium loads.The brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)decreased by a maximum value of 3.26%mainly because of the improvement of combustion velocity and the optimization of low heating value.The optimized fuel formulation simultaneously increases total hydrocarbon(THC)emissions.Nevertheless,it also markedly reduces CO2 emissions,reaching the maximum value of 2.34%.The research results can be applied practically by refineries to reduce the CO2 emissions and to alleviate the greenhouse effect.展开更多
The analysis of a supervision environment is the first step for a company to enter the new electricity market. Transmission and distribution assets are the main investment targets of a company. The overseas power mark...The analysis of a supervision environment is the first step for a company to enter the new electricity market. Transmission and distribution assets are the main investment targets of a company. The overseas power market belongs to the regulated industry;whether it is a stock M&A project or a green land bidding project, the regulatory environment determines the assets. The level of return and investment risk that guides the operation strategy of existing overseas assets, has a significant impact on the investment and operations of international companies. A comprehensive and rapid assessment of the regulatory environment can help the project teams of international companies understand the macroenvironment of the target electricity market within a short period, quickly identify investment risks, qualitatively analyze the return level of the underlying assets, shorten the decision time, capture investment opportunities, and enhance the team. Efficiency and quality of work are factors of great importance.展开更多
Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,f...Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.展开更多
We recorded gregarious flowering of three bamboo species viz. Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa tulda and Melocanna baccifera during rainy season from early March to late May, 2008 at lowland forest of Bajali area of Indo-...We recorded gregarious flowering of three bamboo species viz. Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa tulda and Melocanna baccifera during rainy season from early March to late May, 2008 at lowland forest of Bajali area of Indo-Burma hotspot region. A regular method of field sampling of various forest types was used to map the bamboo species in Assam, India. Moreover, people＇s perception on bamboo blooming was investigated at 17 sample plots covering 258 respondents inhabiting at the site at an average of 15 in each plots. A floral clump （inflorescence） emerged and developed into a giant panicle comprising of numerous florets. Two types of seeds viz. bacea and caryopsis were recorded in different species. Viviparous germination was noticed in few bacca seeds produced by M. baccifera and this has unusual occurrence in bamboo. Seed viability test shows that 75% caryopsis seeds were viable; these seeds had the potential of germination and can be used for mass regen- eration. Most local respondents believe that bamboo flowering can result in population explosion of rodent, therefore, they think bamboo flower- ing is positively correlated with famine. This traditional belief results in massive destruction of bamboo clumps, which significantly impacts on rural economy.展开更多
At present, the global COVID-19 is still severe. More and more countries have experienced second or even third outbreaks. The epidemic is far from over until the vaccine is successfully developed and put on the market...At present, the global COVID-19 is still severe. More and more countries have experienced second or even third outbreaks. The epidemic is far from over until the vaccine is successfully developed and put on the market on a large scale.Inappropriate epidemic control strategies may bring catastrophic consequences. It is essential to maximize the epidemic restraining and to mitigate economic damage. However, the study on the optimal control strategy concerning both sides is rare, and no optimal model has been built. In this paper, the Susceptible-Infectious-Hospitalized-Recovered(SIHR)compartment model is expanded to simulate the epidemic's spread concerning isolation rate. An economic model affected by epidemic isolation measures is established. The effective reproduction number and the eigenvalues at the equilibrium point are introduced as the indicators of controllability and stability of the model and verified the effectiveness of the SIHR model. Based on the Deep Q Network(DQN), one of the deep reinforcement learning(RL) methods, the blocking policy is studied to maximize the economic output under the premise of controlling the number of infections in different stages.The epidemic control strategies given by deep RL under different learning strategies are compared for different reward coefficients. The study demonstrates that optimal policies may differ in various countries depending on disease spread and anti-economic risk ability. The results show that the more economical strategy, the less economic loss in the short term,which can save economically fragile countries from economic crises. In the second or third outbreak stage, the earlier the government adopts the control strategy, the smaller the economic loss. We recommend the method of deep RL to specify a policy which can control the epidemic while making quarantine economically viable.展开更多
To investigate the efficiency and stability of Venezuela＇s oil-oriented economy, this paper applied entropy to the analysis.Based on this method, Venezuela＇s oil-centered industry, inefficient regulatory system, and...To investigate the efficiency and stability of Venezuela＇s oil-oriented economy, this paper applied entropy to the analysis.Based on this method, Venezuela＇s oil-centered industry, inefficient regulatory system, and insensitive response to external changes are recognized as an increase in the country＇s entropy. According to these facts, a dissipative structure model is constructed to analyze the efficiency and stability of the Venezuela＇s economic system. The results show that financial assistants（fund flow）, policy reform（policy flow）, and advanced technology（technology flow） can perform as negative entropy inflows（NEIFs）. These NEIFs will promote a series of influence and feedback reactions, which will contribute to recovering Venezuela＇s system efficiency and stability.展开更多
The eco-environment and the condition of economic development in the Three Gorges area were evaluated with emergy indices calculated with the statistic data of the years from 1997 to 2005. The rising environmental loa...The eco-environment and the condition of economic development in the Three Gorges area were evaluated with emergy indices calculated with the statistic data of the years from 1997 to 2005. The rising environmental loading ratio indicates an increasing pressure of economic activities on the environment and the economic development achieved at the cost of over-exploitation of resources and environment deterioration. The net emergy yield ratio implies that the economic system of this area was a self-contained, resource-export-oriented type at a relatively low level of technology. The emergy sustainability index of about 6 implies the economy of this area was under developed but had a potential to grow. According to the results of the emergy analysis, circular economy should be taken as the economic model of this region's development. This economic system should be water-resource-oriented and more open, make combined use of local and extraneous resources, and have an updated systematic structure with emphasis on emergy recirculation.展开更多
Durability has always been the primary function of an engine oil.This continues to be the case,but fuel economy improvement has risen in importance as a feature of a lubricant.This is most easily achieved by lower vis...Durability has always been the primary function of an engine oil.This continues to be the case,but fuel economy improvement has risen in importance as a feature of a lubricant.This is most easily achieved by lower viscosity lubricants,which could endanger the durability of the engine if not properly formulated.Additionally,fuel economy from the lubricant is also considered over the course of a drain interval and the cost optimal point of servicing the oil explored,independent of other durability concerns.Durability is even more critical when the operating severities of the Chinese market are taken into account.Data are presented which demonstrate the differences in severity and the implications this will have on the lubricant,demonstrating the need for high quality lubricants that will protect Chinese vehicles in operation and,in addition,achieve some level of fuel economy improvement.展开更多
Fuel economy regulations have been issued in many countries to save energy,and it is one of the most essential performance requirements for Passenger Car Motor Oil(PCMO) this decade.The performance is also important t...Fuel economy regulations have been issued in many countries to save energy,and it is one of the most essential performance requirements for Passenger Car Motor Oil(PCMO) this decade.The performance is also important to reduce green house gas(GHG) emissions.Automotive,Oil and Additive industries have been developing fuel economy tests in fired engine for PCMO.The ASTM 5 Car test was started in 1982 and ASTM Sequence Ⅵ series test was also developed by the industries as one of fuel economy tests after the 5 Car test.However,the fired engine(combustion) test condition is more complicated and the combustion mode in engine introduce high variability into a fuel economy measurement.Screening by bench testing is complicated by the difficulty to reproduce friction conditions of all of engine parts.Based on the background,a motored engine friction torque test(MEFT) was developed as one of the solutions for fuel economy screening test.Using a newly developed MEFT,key additive chemistries were evaluated and compared in the test,and it distinguished the differences in additive chemistries,in addition to those in viscosity and friction modifiers.The Sequence Ⅵ-D FEI 1(Seq.Ⅵ-D FEI 1) and chassis dynamometer vehicle tests were also conducted in this study,and the test data has shown an excellent correlation among MEFT,Seq.Ⅵ-D FEI 1 and chassis dynamometer vehicle tests.展开更多
Vehicle fuel economy will continue to increase in importance as world vehicle production grows and fuel supplies become more limited year by year.As OEMs strive to produce cars and trucks with greater fuel efficiency ...Vehicle fuel economy will continue to increase in importance as world vehicle production grows and fuel supplies become more limited year by year.As OEMs strive to produce cars and trucks with greater fuel efficiency and extended durability,additive technology developers are increasingly being asked to contribute to these goals from the lubricant side.Axle inefficiency can account for as much as 10% of the overall losses in an automotive driveline so improvements in axle efficiency can contribute greatly to improving vehicle fuel economy.For good durability,low axle oil operating temperatures are also needed to minimize oxidative and thermal degradation of the oil,reduce deposits and sludge formation,and extend oil drain intervals.To develop gear oils that can increase axle efficiency significantly while maintaining stable operating temperatures requires rig tests that are fast,precise and reproducible.This paper documents the development of a new axle test rig and test procedures and presents test results on several gear oils.The test results show the contributions of base oil viscosity,base oil chemistry,and additive chemistry on the fuel economy and temperature of the various oils.Having a dependable tool is enabling the development of new fuel-efficient and durable gear oil technology.展开更多
Last year, 1998, was an extraordinary year. In the face of financial tur-moil inter nationally and record--breaking floods domestically, we havestood severe tests. The macroeconomic control policy adopted by the cen-t...Last year, 1998, was an extraordinary year. In the face of financial tur-moil inter nationally and record--breaking floods domestically, we havestood severe tests. The macroeconomic control policy adopted by the cen-tral au thorities to expand investment in order to provide incentives to do-mestic demand yielded positive results and the economic growth ratereached 7.8percent. However the investment expansion was only the be-展开更多
By the mid-1990s, following nearly a century of struggles-two worldwars, continuous coups and clashes, and 40 years of Cold War with itsnuclear threat-mankind seemingly entered a new period of peace, stabili-
Since September 2020,President Xi Jinping has reiterated to the world that China will achieve the goal to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,which reflects China’s role as a g...Since September 2020,President Xi Jinping has reiterated to the world that China will achieve the goal to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,which reflects China’s role as a great power in coping with global climate change and highlights China’s determination to accelerate green and low-carbon development.展开更多
① Without a correct reform theory, there can be no successful reform practice. Since the Communist Party of China (CPC) convened the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th Central Committee (December, 1978), a fundamenta...① Without a correct reform theory, there can be no successful reform practice. Since the Communist Party of China (CPC) convened the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th Central Committee (December, 1978), a fundamental reason for the tremendous achievements China has scored is that it has had the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory. Broad and pro-展开更多
In our age of information superhighway,there is an invis-ible boom in communications investment owing to the highquality and low price of the communications equipment.Interms of the price,the government reports a rise...In our age of information superhighway,there is an invis-ible boom in communications investment owing to the highquality and low price of the communications equipment.Interms of the price,the government reports a rise of some 7 percent since t989.However,Business Week estimates that thetrue price declines by about 35 per cent.In terms of invest-展开更多
The uncertainty of the teaching content and teaching methods of English economy and trade translation course has alwaysbeen the core problem that restricts the development of the course education.This paper proposes t...The uncertainty of the teaching content and teaching methods of English economy and trade translation course has alwaysbeen the core problem that restricts the development of the course education.This paper proposes the design method and practiceprocess of the new teaching mode of English economy and trade translation course.Firstly,using marketing theory and economicand trade ideas,the content of English economy and trade translation course will be revised to construct a reasonable teaching con-tent system;Then,based on the above teaching content,the constructive theory is used as the guiding ideology to propose the class-room situational teaching mode and the extracurricular situational teaching mode,and complete the overall construction of the newteaching mode of English economy and trade translation course.The practical results show that the new teaching mode has obviousadvantages and has practical promotion value.展开更多
How to construct harmonious teacher-student relationship is a persistent question in China. No matter teachers or students, far from being rational to control their emotion and maximize their gains, are causing more d...How to construct harmonious teacher-student relationship is a persistent question in China. No matter teachers or students, far from being rational to control their emotion and maximize their gains, are causing more debate than before. The paper,with the method of moral economy analysis, finds the reason that such phenomenon how to break out and what measures to solve the problem. Finally, the paper concludes that the protection system is needed to be structured completely. And the colleges may create a legal responsibility for the teachers to give more priority to subsidized students as it gives to the normal ones.展开更多
文摘Based on the principle of economy, this paper adopts the empirical and comparative methods to analyze English and Chinese Internet buzzwords from the perspective of lexicology to lay bare the similarity and differences between English and Chinese Internet buzzwords so as to help reader have a better understand of the characteristics of the two languages.The materials applied in this paper are collected from the social networks and online news portals in order to objectively display the features of Internet buzzwords, thus giving readers a sense of reality and familiarity. Through the comparative analysis, we can arrive at the conclusion that different languages have different reflections of economy and the existent language is the most economical one for its users.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project (DP220101139)support of the Australian Research Council (ARC) through Project DE220100530support of the Australian Research Council (ARC) through Project DE200100970
文摘The sustainable production of green hydrogen via water electrolysis necessitates cost-effective electrocatalysts.By following the circular economy principle,the utilization of waste-derived catalysts significantly promotes the sustainable development of green hydrogen energy.Currently,diverse waste-derived catalysts have exhibited excellent catalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and overall water electrolysis(OWE).Herein,we systematically examine recent achievements in waste-derived electrocatalysts for water electrolysis.The general principles of water electrolysis and design principles of efficient electrocatalysts are discussed,followed by the illustration of current strategies for transforming wastes into electrocatalysts.Then,applications of waste-derived catalysts(i.e.,carbon-based catalysts,transitional metal-based catalysts,and carbon-based heterostructure catalysts)in HER,OER,and OWE are reviewed successively.An emphasis is put on correlating the catalysts’structure-performance relationship.Also,challenges and research directions in this booming field are finally highlighted.This review would provide useful insights into the design,synthesis,and applications of waste-derived electrocatalysts,and thus accelerate the development of the circular economy-driven green hydrogen energy scheme.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFB0306505)supported by the Sinopec Group and the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing.
文摘In this paper the effect of gasoline formulations on fuel economy and emissions were studied,aiming at exploring the optimized fuel formulation that can alleviate energy crisis and greenhouse effect to some extent.Five gasoline blends with same research octane number(RON)were designed and tested on a calibrated gasoline direct injection(GDI)engine under the mapped characteristic conditions.Test results illustrate that the optimized fuel formulation shows good superiority in fuel economy,and reduces carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions at low engine speeds with medium loads.The brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)decreased by a maximum value of 3.26%mainly because of the improvement of combustion velocity and the optimization of low heating value.The optimized fuel formulation simultaneously increases total hydrocarbon(THC)emissions.Nevertheless,it also markedly reduces CO2 emissions,reaching the maximum value of 2.34%.The research results can be applied practically by refineries to reduce the CO2 emissions and to alleviate the greenhouse effect.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB0904000)。
文摘The analysis of a supervision environment is the first step for a company to enter the new electricity market. Transmission and distribution assets are the main investment targets of a company. The overseas power market belongs to the regulated industry;whether it is a stock M&A project or a green land bidding project, the regulatory environment determines the assets. The level of return and investment risk that guides the operation strategy of existing overseas assets, has a significant impact on the investment and operations of international companies. A comprehensive and rapid assessment of the regulatory environment can help the project teams of international companies understand the macroenvironment of the target electricity market within a short period, quickly identify investment risks, qualitatively analyze the return level of the underlying assets, shorten the decision time, capture investment opportunities, and enhance the team. Efficiency and quality of work are factors of great importance.
文摘Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.
文摘We recorded gregarious flowering of three bamboo species viz. Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa tulda and Melocanna baccifera during rainy season from early March to late May, 2008 at lowland forest of Bajali area of Indo-Burma hotspot region. A regular method of field sampling of various forest types was used to map the bamboo species in Assam, India. Moreover, people＇s perception on bamboo blooming was investigated at 17 sample plots covering 258 respondents inhabiting at the site at an average of 15 in each plots. A floral clump （inflorescence） emerged and developed into a giant panicle comprising of numerous florets. Two types of seeds viz. bacea and caryopsis were recorded in different species. Viviparous germination was noticed in few bacca seeds produced by M. baccifera and this has unusual occurrence in bamboo. Seed viability test shows that 75% caryopsis seeds were viable; these seeds had the potential of germination and can be used for mass regen- eration. Most local respondents believe that bamboo flowering can result in population explosion of rodent, therefore, they think bamboo flower- ing is positively correlated with famine. This traditional belief results in massive destruction of bamboo clumps, which significantly impacts on rural economy.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61873186)the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation,China (Grant No. 17JCZDJC38300)。
文摘At present, the global COVID-19 is still severe. More and more countries have experienced second or even third outbreaks. The epidemic is far from over until the vaccine is successfully developed and put on the market on a large scale.Inappropriate epidemic control strategies may bring catastrophic consequences. It is essential to maximize the epidemic restraining and to mitigate economic damage. However, the study on the optimal control strategy concerning both sides is rare, and no optimal model has been built. In this paper, the Susceptible-Infectious-Hospitalized-Recovered(SIHR)compartment model is expanded to simulate the epidemic's spread concerning isolation rate. An economic model affected by epidemic isolation measures is established. The effective reproduction number and the eigenvalues at the equilibrium point are introduced as the indicators of controllability and stability of the model and verified the effectiveness of the SIHR model. Based on the Deep Q Network(DQN), one of the deep reinforcement learning(RL) methods, the blocking policy is studied to maximize the economic output under the premise of controlling the number of infections in different stages.The epidemic control strategies given by deep RL under different learning strategies are compared for different reward coefficients. The study demonstrates that optimal policies may differ in various countries depending on disease spread and anti-economic risk ability. The results show that the more economical strategy, the less economic loss in the short term,which can save economically fragile countries from economic crises. In the second or third outbreak stage, the earlier the government adopts the control strategy, the smaller the economic loss. We recommend the method of deep RL to specify a policy which can control the epidemic while making quarantine economically viable.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71273021 and 7167030506)
文摘To investigate the efficiency and stability of Venezuela＇s oil-oriented economy, this paper applied entropy to the analysis.Based on this method, Venezuela＇s oil-centered industry, inefficient regulatory system, and insensitive response to external changes are recognized as an increase in the country＇s entropy. According to these facts, a dissipative structure model is constructed to analyze the efficiency and stability of the Venezuela＇s economic system. The results show that financial assistants（fund flow）, policy reform（policy flow）, and advanced technology（technology flow） can perform as negative entropy inflows（NEIFs）. These NEIFs will promote a series of influence and feedback reactions, which will contribute to recovering Venezuela＇s system efficiency and stability.
文摘The eco-environment and the condition of economic development in the Three Gorges area were evaluated with emergy indices calculated with the statistic data of the years from 1997 to 2005. The rising environmental loading ratio indicates an increasing pressure of economic activities on the environment and the economic development achieved at the cost of over-exploitation of resources and environment deterioration. The net emergy yield ratio implies that the economic system of this area was a self-contained, resource-export-oriented type at a relatively low level of technology. The emergy sustainability index of about 6 implies the economy of this area was under developed but had a potential to grow. According to the results of the emergy analysis, circular economy should be taken as the economic model of this region's development. This economic system should be water-resource-oriented and more open, make combined use of local and extraneous resources, and have an updated systematic structure with emphasis on emergy recirculation.
文摘Durability has always been the primary function of an engine oil.This continues to be the case,but fuel economy improvement has risen in importance as a feature of a lubricant.This is most easily achieved by lower viscosity lubricants,which could endanger the durability of the engine if not properly formulated.Additionally,fuel economy from the lubricant is also considered over the course of a drain interval and the cost optimal point of servicing the oil explored,independent of other durability concerns.Durability is even more critical when the operating severities of the Chinese market are taken into account.Data are presented which demonstrate the differences in severity and the implications this will have on the lubricant,demonstrating the need for high quality lubricants that will protect Chinese vehicles in operation and,in addition,achieve some level of fuel economy improvement.
文摘Fuel economy regulations have been issued in many countries to save energy,and it is one of the most essential performance requirements for Passenger Car Motor Oil(PCMO) this decade.The performance is also important to reduce green house gas(GHG) emissions.Automotive,Oil and Additive industries have been developing fuel economy tests in fired engine for PCMO.The ASTM 5 Car test was started in 1982 and ASTM Sequence Ⅵ series test was also developed by the industries as one of fuel economy tests after the 5 Car test.However,the fired engine(combustion) test condition is more complicated and the combustion mode in engine introduce high variability into a fuel economy measurement.Screening by bench testing is complicated by the difficulty to reproduce friction conditions of all of engine parts.Based on the background,a motored engine friction torque test(MEFT) was developed as one of the solutions for fuel economy screening test.Using a newly developed MEFT,key additive chemistries were evaluated and compared in the test,and it distinguished the differences in additive chemistries,in addition to those in viscosity and friction modifiers.The Sequence Ⅵ-D FEI 1(Seq.Ⅵ-D FEI 1) and chassis dynamometer vehicle tests were also conducted in this study,and the test data has shown an excellent correlation among MEFT,Seq.Ⅵ-D FEI 1 and chassis dynamometer vehicle tests.
文摘Vehicle fuel economy will continue to increase in importance as world vehicle production grows and fuel supplies become more limited year by year.As OEMs strive to produce cars and trucks with greater fuel efficiency and extended durability,additive technology developers are increasingly being asked to contribute to these goals from the lubricant side.Axle inefficiency can account for as much as 10% of the overall losses in an automotive driveline so improvements in axle efficiency can contribute greatly to improving vehicle fuel economy.For good durability,low axle oil operating temperatures are also needed to minimize oxidative and thermal degradation of the oil,reduce deposits and sludge formation,and extend oil drain intervals.To develop gear oils that can increase axle efficiency significantly while maintaining stable operating temperatures requires rig tests that are fast,precise and reproducible.This paper documents the development of a new axle test rig and test procedures and presents test results on several gear oils.The test results show the contributions of base oil viscosity,base oil chemistry,and additive chemistry on the fuel economy and temperature of the various oils.Having a dependable tool is enabling the development of new fuel-efficient and durable gear oil technology.
文摘Last year, 1998, was an extraordinary year. In the face of financial tur-moil inter nationally and record--breaking floods domestically, we havestood severe tests. The macroeconomic control policy adopted by the cen-tral au thorities to expand investment in order to provide incentives to do-mestic demand yielded positive results and the economic growth ratereached 7.8percent. However the investment expansion was only the be-
文摘By the mid-1990s, following nearly a century of struggles-two worldwars, continuous coups and clashes, and 40 years of Cold War with itsnuclear threat-mankind seemingly entered a new period of peace, stabili-
文摘Since September 2020,President Xi Jinping has reiterated to the world that China will achieve the goal to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,which reflects China’s role as a great power in coping with global climate change and highlights China’s determination to accelerate green and low-carbon development.
文摘① Without a correct reform theory, there can be no successful reform practice. Since the Communist Party of China (CPC) convened the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th Central Committee (December, 1978), a fundamental reason for the tremendous achievements China has scored is that it has had the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory. Broad and pro-
文摘In our age of information superhighway,there is an invis-ible boom in communications investment owing to the highquality and low price of the communications equipment.Interms of the price,the government reports a rise of some 7 percent since t989.However,Business Week estimates that thetrue price declines by about 35 per cent.In terms of invest-
文摘The uncertainty of the teaching content and teaching methods of English economy and trade translation course has alwaysbeen the core problem that restricts the development of the course education.This paper proposes the design method and practiceprocess of the new teaching mode of English economy and trade translation course.Firstly,using marketing theory and economicand trade ideas,the content of English economy and trade translation course will be revised to construct a reasonable teaching con-tent system;Then,based on the above teaching content,the constructive theory is used as the guiding ideology to propose the class-room situational teaching mode and the extracurricular situational teaching mode,and complete the overall construction of the newteaching mode of English economy and trade translation course.The practical results show that the new teaching mode has obviousadvantages and has practical promotion value.
文摘How to construct harmonious teacher-student relationship is a persistent question in China. No matter teachers or students, far from being rational to control their emotion and maximize their gains, are causing more debate than before. The paper,with the method of moral economy analysis, finds the reason that such phenomenon how to break out and what measures to solve the problem. Finally, the paper concludes that the protection system is needed to be structured completely. And the colleges may create a legal responsibility for the teachers to give more priority to subsidized students as it gives to the normal ones.
