Antiperovskite compounds Mn3Ag1-xCoxN （x =0.2, 0.5 and 0.8） are synthesized and the doping effect of the magnetic element Co at the Ag site is investigated. The crystal structure is not changed by the introduction o...Antiperovskite compounds Mn3Ag1-xCoxN （x =0.2, 0.5 and 0.8） are synthesized and the doping effect of the magnetic element Co at the Ag site is investigated. The crystal structure is not changed by the introduction of Co. However, with the increase of the content of Co, the spin reorientation gradually disappears and the antiferromagnetic transition changes to the ferromagnetic transition at the elevated temperature when x = 0.8. In addition, all of the magnetic phase transitions at the elevated temperature are always accompanied by the abnormal thermal expansion behaviors and an entropy change. Moreover, when x = 0.8, the coefficient of linear expansion is -1.89 × 10^-6 K^-1 （290-310K, △T =20 K）, which is generally considered as the low thermal expansion.展开更多
Many factors associated with learners when acquiring a second language influence the chances of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). These not only include internal factors as learners'personality characteristics bu...Many factors associated with learners when acquiring a second language influence the chances of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). These not only include internal factors as learners'personality characteristics but social factors that also have a major impact on language proficiency. The paper focus on the age factor through the Critical Period Hypothesis and give implications after an analysis.展开更多
The complex nature of laser-material interaction causes non-stoichiometric ablation of alloy samples.This is attributed to matrix effect, which reduces analyzing capability. To address this issue, the analytical perfo...The complex nature of laser-material interaction causes non-stoichiometric ablation of alloy samples.This is attributed to matrix effect, which reduces analyzing capability. To address this issue, the analytical performance of three different normalization methods, namely normalization with background, internal normalization and three point smoothing techniques at different parameter settings is studied for quantification of Ag and Zn by Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS).The LIBS spectra of five known concentration of silver zinc binary composites have been investigated at various laser irradiances(LIs). Calibration curves for both Ag(I) line(4d^(10)5s^2S_(1/2)→4d^(10)5p^2P_(1/2) at 338.28 nm) and Zn(I) line(4s5s^3S_1→4s4p^3P_2 at 481.053 nm) have been determined at LI of 5.86?×?10^(10)W cm^(-2). Slopes of these calibration curves provide the valuation of matrix effect in the Ag–Zn composites. With careful sample preparation and normalization after smoothing at optimum parameter setting(OPS), the minimization of sample matrix effect has been successfully achieved. A good linearity has been obtained in Ag and Zn calibration curve at OPS when normalized the whole area of spectrum after smoothing and the obtained coefficients of determination values were R^2?=?0.995 and 0.998 closer to 1. The results of matrix effect have been further verified by analysis of plasma parameters. Both plasma parameters showed no change with varying concentration at OPS. However, at high concentration of Ag, the observed significant changes in both plasma parameters at common parameter setting PS-1 and PS-2 were the gesture of matrix effect. In our case, the better analytical results were obtained at smoothing function with optimized parameter setting that indicates it is more efficient than normalization with background and internal normalization method.展开更多
Single event effects of 1-T structure programmable read-only memory(PROM) devices fabricated with a 130-nm complementary metal oxide semiconductorbased thin/thick gate oxide anti-fuse process were investigated using h...Single event effects of 1-T structure programmable read-only memory(PROM) devices fabricated with a 130-nm complementary metal oxide semiconductorbased thin/thick gate oxide anti-fuse process were investigated using heavy ions and a picosecond pulsed laser. The cross sections of a single event upset(SEU) for radiationhardened PROMs were measured using a linear energy transfer(LET) ranging from 9.2 to 95.6 MeV cm^2mg^(-1).The result indicated that the LET threshold for a dynamic bit upset was ～ 9 MeV cm^2mg^(-1), which was lower than the threshold of ～ 20 MeV cm^2mg^(-1) for an address counter upset owing to the additional triple modular redundancy structure present in the latch. In addition, a slight hard error was observed in the anti-fuse structure when employing209 Bi ions with extremely high LET values(～ 91.6 MeV cm^2mg^(-1)) and large ion fluence(～ 1×10~8 ions cm^(-2)). To identify the detailed sensitive position of a SEU in PROMs, a pulsed laser with a 5-μm beam spot was used to scan the entire surface of the device.This revealed that the upset occurred in the peripheral circuits of the internal power source and I/O pairs rather than in the internal latches and buffers. This was subsequently confirmed by a ^(181)Ta experiment. Based on the experimental data and a rectangular parallelepiped model of the sensitive volume, the space error rates for the used PROMs were calculated using the CRèME-96 prediction tool. The results showed that this type of PROM was suitable for specific space applications, even in the geosynchronous orbit.展开更多
Picea crassifolia Kom, a perennial arbor spe- cies is recognized as one of the most adaptable plants found to date in Qilian Mountains. To explore the cutting reproduction technology of P. crassifolia and reveal its r...Picea crassifolia Kom, a perennial arbor spe- cies is recognized as one of the most adaptable plants found to date in Qilian Mountains. To explore the cutting reproduction technology of P. crassifolia and reveal its rooting mechanism, cuttings of P. crassifolia with different cutting types （softwood, hardwood and root）, positions （top, upper, middle and bottom） and ages （7, 10, 15, 20, 25 year-old） were cultivated in a field experiment. One- year old softwood and hardwood cuttings were collected from 7-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25 year-old healthy ortets to analyze the changes from endogenous hormones and organic nutrients. Results indicate that the softwood cut- tings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old ortets shows better growth performance by improving rooting indexes, including a significant increasein rooting rate and a decrease in basal rot rate. Concomi- tantly, increasing rooting quantity and root length also increased. It is noteworthy that the high rooting rate of P. crassifolia cuttings due to its ability to accumulate high concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） and total carbon （TC） rather than abscisic acid （ABA） and total nitrogen （TN）. The rooting rate was mainly regulated by the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio. In summary, our results suggest that the softwood cuttings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old P. crassifolia can be considered as an effective strategy to improve cutting rooting rate, and the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio was one of the main factors limiting the cutting rooting rate of P. crassifolia.展开更多
Activated carbon （AC） supported silver catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and their catalytic performance for CO preferential oxidation （PROX） in excess H2 was evaluated. Ag/AC cataly...Activated carbon （AC） supported silver catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and their catalytic performance for CO preferential oxidation （PROX） in excess H2 was evaluated. Ag/AC catalysts, after reduction in H2 at low temperatures （≤200 ℃） following heat treatment in He at 200 ℃ （He200H200）, exhibited the best catalytic properties. Temperature-programmed desorption （TPD）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and temperature-programmed reduction （TPR） results indicated that silver oxides were produced during heat treatment in He at 200 ℃ which were reduced to metal silver nanoparticles in H2 at low temperatures （≤200 ℃）, simultaneously generating the adsorbed water/OH. CO conversion was enhanced 40% after water treatment following heat treatment in He at 600 ℃. These results imply that the metal silver nanoparticles are the active species and the adsorbed water/OH has noticeable promotion effects on CO oxidation. However, the promotion effect is still limited compared to gold catalysts under the similar conditions, which may be the reason of low selectivity to CO oxidation in PROX over silver catalysts. The reported Ag/AC-S-He catalyst after He200H200 treatment displayed similar PROX of CO reaction properties to Ag/SiO2. This means that Ag/AC catalyst is also an efficient low-temperature CO oxidation catalyst.展开更多
Silver-copper electrocatalysts have demonstrated effectively catalytic performance in electroreduction CO_(2) toward CH_(4),yet a revealing insight into the reaction pathway and mechanism has remained elusive.Herein,w...Silver-copper electrocatalysts have demonstrated effectively catalytic performance in electroreduction CO_(2) toward CH_(4),yet a revealing insight into the reaction pathway and mechanism has remained elusive.Herein,we construct chemically bonded Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries,in which the complete reduction of Cu_(2)O to Cu has been strongly impeded owing to the presence of surface Ag shell.The interfacial confinement effect helps to maintain Cu^(+)sites at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries.Using in situ/operando spectroscopy and theoretical simulations,it is revealed that CO_(2) is enriched at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries due to the enhanced physisorption and chemisorption to CO_(2),activating CO_(2) to form the stable intermediate^(*)CO.The boundaries between Ag shell and the Cu_(2)O mediate local^(*)CO coverage and promote^(*)CHO intermediate formation,consequently facilitating CO_(2)-to-CH_(4) conversion.This work not only reveals the structure-activity relationships but also offers insights into the reaction mechanism on Ag-Cu catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction.展开更多
Current-voltage electrical characteristics of Er silicide/Si（001） nanocontacts are measured in situ in a scanning tunneling microscopy system. Introduced as a new technique to suppress surface leakage conduction on...Current-voltage electrical characteristics of Er silicide/Si（001） nanocontacts are measured in situ in a scanning tunneling microscopy system. Introduced as a new technique to suppress surface leakage conduction on Si（001）,a silver wetting layer is evaporated onto the substrate surface kept at room temperature with Er Si2 nanoislands already existing. The effects of the silver layer on the current-voltage characteristics of nanocontacts are discussed.Our experimental results reveal that the silver layer at coverage of 0.4–0.7 monolayer can suppress effectively the current contribution from the surface conduction path. After the surface leakage path of nanocontacts is obstructed, the ideality factor and the Schottky barrier height are determined using the thermionic emission theory, about 2 and 0.5 eV, respectively. The approach adopted here could shed light on the intrinsic transport properties of metal-semiconductor nanocontacts.展开更多
FePt nanoparticles in mesoporous silica are fabricated by a simple stepwise synthesis strategy.A pre-annealing temperature-dependent coercivity-ageing effect in FePt nanoparticles is observed at room temperature.For f...FePt nanoparticles in mesoporous silica are fabricated by a simple stepwise synthesis strategy.A pre-annealing temperature-dependent coercivity-ageing effect in FePt nanoparticles is observed at room temperature.For facecentered cubic（fcc）structured FePt nanoparticles,the ageing effect is sensitive to the pre-annealing temperature,especially when the temperature is close to the phase-transition.The special magnetic behavior of FePt nanoparticles reveals that the physical properties gradually change between fee and face-centered tetragonal structures,and will deepen our understanding of the mechanism of such magnetism in FePt nanoparticles.展开更多
We experimentally demonstrate the quantum anti-Zeno effect in a two-level system based on a single trapped ion ^（40）Ca~＋. In the large detuning regime, we show that the transfer from the ground state to the excited...We experimentally demonstrate the quantum anti-Zeno effect in a two-level system based on a single trapped ion ^（40）Ca~＋. In the large detuning regime, we show that the transfer from the ground state to the excited state can be remarkably enhanced by the inserted projection measurements. The inserted measurements in our experiment are realized by the electron shelving technique. Compared to the ideal projection measurement, which makes the quantum state collapse instantaneously, a practical electron shelving process needs a finite time duration. The minimum time for this collapse process is shown to be inversely proportional to the square of the coupling strength between the measurement laser and the system.展开更多
With the development of anti-radiation weapons,the effectiveness evaluation of anti-radiation weapons has been turned from the simple accuracy index to the integrated countermeasure capability.The research priority is...With the development of anti-radiation weapons,the effectiveness evaluation of anti-radiation weapons has been turned from the simple accuracy index to the integrated countermeasure capability.The research priority is how to access the combat effectiveness of anti-radiation weapons in a complex countermeasure environment.For the present situation of range test of anti-radiation weapons,a combat effectiveness assessment model based on non-linear index aggregation is proposed for anti-radiation weapons.And the corresponding index system model,index aggregation methods,index marking method and index weight determination are given.Finally,the simulation results verify the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed method.展开更多
Age effect in second language acquisition has been a key question for a long time. It mainly focuses on the discussionabout the critical period. The thesis first introduces import hypothesis and opinions in this area ...Age effect in second language acquisition has been a key question for a long time. It mainly focuses on the discussionabout the critical period. The thesis first introduces import hypothesis and opinions in this area and then analyzes the effects thatage has in morphosyntax area in detail. Thirdly, the analysis of Patkowski's study and Abrahamsson's study are made. Finally, itpoints out the enlightments and suggestions that the literature implies.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 51172012the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Antiperovskite compounds Mn3Ag1-xCoxN （x =0.2, 0.5 and 0.8） are synthesized and the doping effect of the magnetic element Co at the Ag site is investigated. The crystal structure is not changed by the introduction of Co. However, with the increase of the content of Co, the spin reorientation gradually disappears and the antiferromagnetic transition changes to the ferromagnetic transition at the elevated temperature when x = 0.8. In addition, all of the magnetic phase transitions at the elevated temperature are always accompanied by the abnormal thermal expansion behaviors and an entropy change. Moreover, when x = 0.8, the coefficient of linear expansion is -1.89 × 10^-6 K^-1 （290-310K, △T =20 K）, which is generally considered as the low thermal expansion.
文摘Many factors associated with learners when acquiring a second language influence the chances of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). These not only include internal factors as learners'personality characteristics but social factors that also have a major impact on language proficiency. The paper focus on the age factor through the Critical Period Hypothesis and give implications after an analysis.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11475039, 11705020, 11605023)Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20170540153)
文摘The complex nature of laser-material interaction causes non-stoichiometric ablation of alloy samples.This is attributed to matrix effect, which reduces analyzing capability. To address this issue, the analytical performance of three different normalization methods, namely normalization with background, internal normalization and three point smoothing techniques at different parameter settings is studied for quantification of Ag and Zn by Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS).The LIBS spectra of five known concentration of silver zinc binary composites have been investigated at various laser irradiances(LIs). Calibration curves for both Ag(I) line(4d^(10)5s^2S_(1/2)→4d^(10)5p^2P_(1/2) at 338.28 nm) and Zn(I) line(4s5s^3S_1→4s4p^3P_2 at 481.053 nm) have been determined at LI of 5.86?×?10^(10)W cm^(-2). Slopes of these calibration curves provide the valuation of matrix effect in the Ag–Zn composites. With careful sample preparation and normalization after smoothing at optimum parameter setting(OPS), the minimization of sample matrix effect has been successfully achieved. A good linearity has been obtained in Ag and Zn calibration curve at OPS when normalized the whole area of spectrum after smoothing and the obtained coefficients of determination values were R^2?=?0.995 and 0.998 closer to 1. The results of matrix effect have been further verified by analysis of plasma parameters. Both plasma parameters showed no change with varying concentration at OPS. However, at high concentration of Ag, the observed significant changes in both plasma parameters at common parameter setting PS-1 and PS-2 were the gesture of matrix effect. In our case, the better analytical results were obtained at smoothing function with optimized parameter setting that indicates it is more efficient than normalization with background and internal normalization method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11690041,11805244,and 11675233)the Opening Project of Science and Technology on Reliability Physics and Application Technology of the Electronic Component Laboratory(No.ZHD 201604)
文摘Single event effects of 1-T structure programmable read-only memory(PROM) devices fabricated with a 130-nm complementary metal oxide semiconductorbased thin/thick gate oxide anti-fuse process were investigated using heavy ions and a picosecond pulsed laser. The cross sections of a single event upset(SEU) for radiationhardened PROMs were measured using a linear energy transfer(LET) ranging from 9.2 to 95.6 MeV cm^2mg^(-1).The result indicated that the LET threshold for a dynamic bit upset was ～ 9 MeV cm^2mg^(-1), which was lower than the threshold of ～ 20 MeV cm^2mg^(-1) for an address counter upset owing to the additional triple modular redundancy structure present in the latch. In addition, a slight hard error was observed in the anti-fuse structure when employing209 Bi ions with extremely high LET values(～ 91.6 MeV cm^2mg^(-1)) and large ion fluence(～ 1×10~8 ions cm^(-2)). To identify the detailed sensitive position of a SEU in PROMs, a pulsed laser with a 5-μm beam spot was used to scan the entire surface of the device.This revealed that the upset occurred in the peripheral circuits of the internal power source and I/O pairs rather than in the internal latches and buffers. This was subsequently confirmed by a ^(181)Ta experiment. Based on the experimental data and a rectangular parallelepiped model of the sensitive volume, the space error rates for the used PROMs were calculated using the CRèME-96 prediction tool. The results showed that this type of PROM was suitable for specific space applications, even in the geosynchronous orbit.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31360086)the grant from the major state basic research development program of china(973 program,No.2013CB429903)
文摘Picea crassifolia Kom, a perennial arbor spe- cies is recognized as one of the most adaptable plants found to date in Qilian Mountains. To explore the cutting reproduction technology of P. crassifolia and reveal its rooting mechanism, cuttings of P. crassifolia with different cutting types （softwood, hardwood and root）, positions （top, upper, middle and bottom） and ages （7, 10, 15, 20, 25 year-old） were cultivated in a field experiment. One- year old softwood and hardwood cuttings were collected from 7-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25 year-old healthy ortets to analyze the changes from endogenous hormones and organic nutrients. Results indicate that the softwood cut- tings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old ortets shows better growth performance by improving rooting indexes, including a significant increasein rooting rate and a decrease in basal rot rate. Concomi- tantly, increasing rooting quantity and root length also increased. It is noteworthy that the high rooting rate of P. crassifolia cuttings due to its ability to accumulate high concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） and total carbon （TC） rather than abscisic acid （ABA） and total nitrogen （TN）. The rooting rate was mainly regulated by the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio. In summary, our results suggest that the softwood cuttings （0.5-1.0 cm in diameter） from upper branches of 15 year-old P. crassifolia can be considered as an effective strategy to improve cutting rooting rate, and the IAA/ABA and TC/TN ratio was one of the main factors limiting the cutting rooting rate of P. crassifolia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21207039)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. S2011010000737)+2 种基金the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (20110172120017)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2011zm 0048)the Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. Y007K1)
文摘Activated carbon （AC） supported silver catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and their catalytic performance for CO preferential oxidation （PROX） in excess H2 was evaluated. Ag/AC catalysts, after reduction in H2 at low temperatures （≤200 ℃） following heat treatment in He at 200 ℃ （He200H200）, exhibited the best catalytic properties. Temperature-programmed desorption （TPD）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and temperature-programmed reduction （TPR） results indicated that silver oxides were produced during heat treatment in He at 200 ℃ which were reduced to metal silver nanoparticles in H2 at low temperatures （≤200 ℃）, simultaneously generating the adsorbed water/OH. CO conversion was enhanced 40% after water treatment following heat treatment in He at 600 ℃. These results imply that the metal silver nanoparticles are the active species and the adsorbed water/OH has noticeable promotion effects on CO oxidation. However, the promotion effect is still limited compared to gold catalysts under the similar conditions, which may be the reason of low selectivity to CO oxidation in PROX over silver catalysts. The reported Ag/AC-S-He catalyst after He200H200 treatment displayed similar PROX of CO reaction properties to Ag/SiO2. This means that Ag/AC catalyst is also an efficient low-temperature CO oxidation catalyst.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21968020)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (2022MS02011 and 2023MS02014)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Projects of China Northern Rare Earth (BFXT-2022-D-0023)the Open Research Subject of Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control (2021Z01)。
文摘Silver-copper electrocatalysts have demonstrated effectively catalytic performance in electroreduction CO_(2) toward CH_(4),yet a revealing insight into the reaction pathway and mechanism has remained elusive.Herein,we construct chemically bonded Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries,in which the complete reduction of Cu_(2)O to Cu has been strongly impeded owing to the presence of surface Ag shell.The interfacial confinement effect helps to maintain Cu^(+)sites at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries.Using in situ/operando spectroscopy and theoretical simulations,it is revealed that CO_(2) is enriched at the Ag-Cu_(2)O boundaries due to the enhanced physisorption and chemisorption to CO_(2),activating CO_(2) to form the stable intermediate^(*)CO.The boundaries between Ag shell and the Cu_(2)O mediate local^(*)CO coverage and promote^(*)CHO intermediate formation,consequently facilitating CO_(2)-to-CH_(4) conversion.This work not only reveals the structure-activity relationships but also offers insights into the reaction mechanism on Ag-Cu catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11374058
文摘Current-voltage electrical characteristics of Er silicide/Si（001） nanocontacts are measured in situ in a scanning tunneling microscopy system. Introduced as a new technique to suppress surface leakage conduction on Si（001）,a silver wetting layer is evaporated onto the substrate surface kept at room temperature with Er Si2 nanoislands already existing. The effects of the silver layer on the current-voltage characteristics of nanocontacts are discussed.Our experimental results reveal that the silver layer at coverage of 0.4–0.7 monolayer can suppress effectively the current contribution from the surface conduction path. After the surface leakage path of nanocontacts is obstructed, the ideality factor and the Schottky barrier height are determined using the thermionic emission theory, about 2 and 0.5 eV, respectively. The approach adopted here could shed light on the intrinsic transport properties of metal-semiconductor nanocontacts.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under Grant No LY15E010002the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 51671139
文摘FePt nanoparticles in mesoporous silica are fabricated by a simple stepwise synthesis strategy.A pre-annealing temperature-dependent coercivity-ageing effect in FePt nanoparticles is observed at room temperature.For facecentered cubic（fcc）structured FePt nanoparticles,the ageing effect is sensitive to the pre-annealing temperature,especially when the temperature is close to the phase-transition.The special magnetic behavior of FePt nanoparticles reveals that the physical properties gradually change between fee and face-centered tetragonal structures,and will deepen our understanding of the mechanism of such magnetism in FePt nanoparticles.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0301903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11174370,11304387,61632021,11305262,11574398,and N 61205108)the Research Plan Project of National University of Defense Technology,China(Grant No.ZK16-03-04)
文摘We experimentally demonstrate the quantum anti-Zeno effect in a two-level system based on a single trapped ion ^（40）Ca~＋. In the large detuning regime, we show that the transfer from the ground state to the excited state can be remarkably enhanced by the inserted projection measurements. The inserted measurements in our experiment are realized by the electron shelving technique. Compared to the ideal projection measurement, which makes the quantum state collapse instantaneously, a practical electron shelving process needs a finite time duration. The minimum time for this collapse process is shown to be inversely proportional to the square of the coupling strength between the measurement laser and the system.
文摘With the development of anti-radiation weapons,the effectiveness evaluation of anti-radiation weapons has been turned from the simple accuracy index to the integrated countermeasure capability.The research priority is how to access the combat effectiveness of anti-radiation weapons in a complex countermeasure environment.For the present situation of range test of anti-radiation weapons,a combat effectiveness assessment model based on non-linear index aggregation is proposed for anti-radiation weapons.And the corresponding index system model,index aggregation methods,index marking method and index weight determination are given.Finally,the simulation results verify the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed method.
文摘Age effect in second language acquisition has been a key question for a long time. It mainly focuses on the discussionabout the critical period. The thesis first introduces import hypothesis and opinions in this area and then analyzes the effects thatage has in morphosyntax area in detail. Thirdly, the analysis of Patkowski's study and Abrahamsson's study are made. Finally, itpoints out the enlightments and suggestions that the literature implies.
