In order to enhance the lead and zinc recovery from the refractory Pb-Zn oxide ore, a new technology was developed based on sulfidation roasting with sulphur by temperature gradient method. The solid-liquid reaction s...In order to enhance the lead and zinc recovery from the refractory Pb-Zn oxide ore, a new technology was developed based on sulfidation roasting with sulphur by temperature gradient method. The solid-liquid reaction system was established and the sulfidation thermodynamics of lead and zinc carbonate was calculated with the software HSC 5.0. The effects of roasting temperature,molar ratio of sulphur to lead and zinc carbonate and reaction time in the first step roasting, and holding temperature and time in the second roasting on the sulfidation extent were studied at a laboratory-scale. The experimental results show that the sulfidation extents of lead and zinc are 96.50% and 97.29% under the optimal conditions, respectively, and the artificial galena, sphalerite and wurtzite were formed. By the novel sulfidizing process, it is expected that the sulphides can be recovered by conventional flotation technology.展开更多
A3D finite element model(FEM)with realistic field measurements of temperature distributions is proposed to investigate the thermal stress variation in the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system.First,a brief lit...A3D finite element model(FEM)with realistic field measurements of temperature distributions is proposed to investigate the thermal stress variation in the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system.First,a brief literaturereview indicates that traditional thermal stress calculation in suspension bridges is based on the2D plane structure with simplified temperature profiles on bridges.Thus,a3D FEM is proposed for accurate stress analysis.The focus is on the incorporation of full field arbitrary temperature profile for the stress analysis.Following this,the effect of realistic temperature distribution on the structure is investigated in detail and an example using field measurements of Aizhai Bridge is integrated with the proposed3D FEM model.Parametric studies are used to illustrate the effect of different parameters on the thermal stress distribution in the bridge structure.Next,the discussion and comparison of the proposed methodology and simplified calculation method in the standard is given.The calculation difference and their potential impact on the structure are shown in detail.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations for future bridge analysis and design are given based on the proposed study.展开更多
The temperature distributions of a prestressed concrete box girder bridge under the effect of cold wave processes were analyzed. The distributions were found different from those under the effect of solar radiation or...The temperature distributions of a prestressed concrete box girder bridge under the effect of cold wave processes were analyzed. The distributions were found different from those under the effect of solar radiation or nighttime radiation cooling and should not be simplified as one dimensional. A temperature predicting model that can accurately predict temperatures over the cross section of the concrete box girder was developed. On the basis of the analytical model, a two-dimensional temperature gradient model was proposed and a parametric study that considered meteorological factors was performed. The results of sensitivity analysis show that the cold wave with shorter duration and more severe temperature drop may cause more unfavorable influences on the concrete box girder bridge. Finally, the unrestrained linear curvatures, self-equilibrating stresses and bending stresses when considering the frame action of the cross section, were derived from the proposed temperature gradient model and current code provisions, respectively. Then, a comparison was made between the value calculated against proposed model and several current specifications. The results show that the cold wave may cause more unfavorable effect on the concrete box girder bridge, especially on the large concrete box girder bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the thermal effect caused by cold wave during the design stage.展开更多
Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy （atom fraction） was extruded at temperatures（Tα） of 1250 and 1330 ℃, respectively. The method of adding a thermal insulating layer was used to overcome the problem associated with the...Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy （atom fraction） was extruded at temperatures（Tα） of 1250 and 1330 ℃, respectively. The method of adding a thermal insulating layer was used to overcome the problem associated with the flow stress mismatch between the can and the billet during extrusion. Effects of two kinds of insulations, ZrO2 powders and silica fibers, on the quality of extrude bar along the radial direction were studied, and the process parameters were optimized by combining with finite element method （FEM）. Tensile properties of the extruded alloy at room and elevated temperature were tested. The results show that the silica fibers has better thermal insulating property than ZrO2 powders. The temperature distribution in radial is more homogeneous using silica fibers. The alloy has a good balance of yield strength and room temperature ductility and the values are 680MPa and 3.5%, respectively.展开更多
Once the growth method for a given crystal has been decided,one should be able to adjust a number of growth parameters in order to achieve best results.These parameters include ambient growth atmosphere,temperature gr...Once the growth method for a given crystal has been decided,one should be able to adjust a number of growth parameters in order to achieve best results.These parameters include ambient growth atmosphere,temperature gradient of growth furnace,percentage of fill of crucible,rotation and pulling rates.Among them,the most delicate thing we face is to design and create suitable temperature gradient for a given material according to its thermal properties and growth behavior.For YVO 4 crystals,this is particularly important because of its poor conductivity and strong thermo mechanical anisotropy.Optimum temperature gradient for the growth of large YVO 4 crystals should be as large as possible during the growth process,while be as small as possible during the annealing stage to alleviate thermal stress and avoid cleavage.展开更多
基金Project(51204210)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2011AA061001)supported by the High-Tech Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(2012BAC12B04)supported by the National Science&Technology During the12th Five-Year Plan Period,China
文摘In order to enhance the lead and zinc recovery from the refractory Pb-Zn oxide ore, a new technology was developed based on sulfidation roasting with sulphur by temperature gradient method. The solid-liquid reaction system was established and the sulfidation thermodynamics of lead and zinc carbonate was calculated with the software HSC 5.0. The effects of roasting temperature,molar ratio of sulphur to lead and zinc carbonate and reaction time in the first step roasting, and holding temperature and time in the second roasting on the sulfidation extent were studied at a laboratory-scale. The experimental results show that the sulfidation extents of lead and zinc are 96.50% and 97.29% under the optimal conditions, respectively, and the artificial galena, sphalerite and wurtzite were formed. By the novel sulfidizing process, it is expected that the sulphides can be recovered by conventional flotation technology.
基金Project(2015CB057701)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(51308071)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+3 种基金Project(13JJ4057)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(201408430155)supported by the Foundation of China Scholarship CouncilProject(2015319825120)supported by the Traffic Department of Applied Basic Research,ChinaProject(12K076)supported by the Open Foundation of Innovation Platform in Hunan Provincial Universities,China
文摘A3D finite element model(FEM)with realistic field measurements of temperature distributions is proposed to investigate the thermal stress variation in the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system.First,a brief literaturereview indicates that traditional thermal stress calculation in suspension bridges is based on the2D plane structure with simplified temperature profiles on bridges.Thus,a3D FEM is proposed for accurate stress analysis.The focus is on the incorporation of full field arbitrary temperature profile for the stress analysis.Following this,the effect of realistic temperature distribution on the structure is investigated in detail and an example using field measurements of Aizhai Bridge is integrated with the proposed3D FEM model.Parametric studies are used to illustrate the effect of different parameters on the thermal stress distribution in the bridge structure.Next,the discussion and comparison of the proposed methodology and simplified calculation method in the standard is given.The calculation difference and their potential impact on the structure are shown in detail.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations for future bridge analysis and design are given based on the proposed study.
基金Project(08Y60) supported by the Traffic Science’s Research Planning of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘The temperature distributions of a prestressed concrete box girder bridge under the effect of cold wave processes were analyzed. The distributions were found different from those under the effect of solar radiation or nighttime radiation cooling and should not be simplified as one dimensional. A temperature predicting model that can accurately predict temperatures over the cross section of the concrete box girder was developed. On the basis of the analytical model, a two-dimensional temperature gradient model was proposed and a parametric study that considered meteorological factors was performed. The results of sensitivity analysis show that the cold wave with shorter duration and more severe temperature drop may cause more unfavorable influences on the concrete box girder bridge. Finally, the unrestrained linear curvatures, self-equilibrating stresses and bending stresses when considering the frame action of the cross section, were derived from the proposed temperature gradient model and current code provisions, respectively. Then, a comparison was made between the value calculated against proposed model and several current specifications. The results show that the cold wave may cause more unfavorable effect on the concrete box girder bridge, especially on the large concrete box girder bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the thermal effect caused by cold wave during the design stage.
文摘Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy （atom fraction） was extruded at temperatures（Tα） of 1250 and 1330 ℃, respectively. The method of adding a thermal insulating layer was used to overcome the problem associated with the flow stress mismatch between the can and the billet during extrusion. Effects of two kinds of insulations, ZrO2 powders and silica fibers, on the quality of extrude bar along the radial direction were studied, and the process parameters were optimized by combining with finite element method （FEM）. Tensile properties of the extruded alloy at room and elevated temperature were tested. The results show that the silica fibers has better thermal insulating property than ZrO2 powders. The temperature distribution in radial is more homogeneous using silica fibers. The alloy has a good balance of yield strength and room temperature ductility and the values are 680MPa and 3.5%, respectively.
文摘Once the growth method for a given crystal has been decided,one should be able to adjust a number of growth parameters in order to achieve best results.These parameters include ambient growth atmosphere,temperature gradient of growth furnace,percentage of fill of crucible,rotation and pulling rates.Among them,the most delicate thing we face is to design and create suitable temperature gradient for a given material according to its thermal properties and growth behavior.For YVO 4 crystals,this is particularly important because of its poor conductivity and strong thermo mechanical anisotropy.Optimum temperature gradient for the growth of large YVO 4 crystals should be as large as possible during the growth process,while be as small as possible during the annealing stage to alleviate thermal stress and avoid cleavage.
