The deformation behavior of a new Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was investigated with compression tests in temperature range of 380?470 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1 using Gleeble 1500 system, and the associated ...The deformation behavior of a new Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was investigated with compression tests in temperature range of 380?470 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1 using Gleeble 1500 system, and the associated microstructural evolutions were studied by metallographic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that true stress—strain curves exhibit a peak stress, followed by a dynamic flow softening at low strains (ε<0.05). The stress decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener-Hollomon exponential equation with the activation energy for deformation of 157.9 kJ/mol. The substructure in the deformed specimens consists of few fine precipitates with equaixed polygonized subgrains in the elongated grains and developed serrations at the grain boundaries. The dynamic flow softening is attributed mainly to dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization.展开更多
Pressureless melt infiltration is an economic route f or preparation of high-density ceramic/melt composites. In this study, the Fe40 Al iron aluminide intermetallic, a low cost material of excellent oxidation and cor...Pressureless melt infiltration is an economic route f or preparation of high-density ceramic/melt composites. In this study, the Fe40 Al iron aluminide intermetallic, a low cost material of excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance, was used as binder for fabricating Fe40Al/TiC composites b y pressureless melt infiltration. The wetting ability of liquid Fe40Al in porous TiC pre-form was studied by in-situ monitoring the melting and infiltration p rocess. The infiltration ability was investigated by observing the distance of l iquid Fe40Al intrusion in porous TiC pre-forms at different infiltration temper atures and times by using optical microscope. Porous TiC per-forms with density of 60%～88%TD (theoretical density), prepared under pre-defined sintering temp e rature cycles, were used for fabricating Fe40Al/TiC composites in the range of 1 2%～40% metal content by volume. Almost full dense Fe40Al/TiC composites were su c cessfully fabricated by this technique. Liquid Fe40Al exhibited excellent infilt ration ability, the distance of complete intrusion of liquid Fe40Al in the TiC s intered pre-form with density of 88%TD was over 7 mm after 5 min at the inf iltration temperature of 1 450 ℃. Microstructural observation by SEM and TEM also showed that liquid Fe40Al filled the very narrow gaps among TiC particles, the interfaces of TiC particles and F e40Al plastic ligaments being metallurgical bonded. TEM revealed that high densi ty of dislocations formed in Fe40Al ligaments during solidification, which favor the mechanical properties. Ti decomposed from TiC particles and dissolved into Fe40Al during infiltration. According to the compositional analysis of TEM-EDS, the concentration of Ti in Fe40Al ranges at 1at%～4at% depending on composite f a bricating conditions and the distance from the measuring point to the closest Ti C particles. XRD analysis indicated that the composites were composed of two pha ses, the original TiC and Fe 0.4Al 0.6 intermetallic. No new phase formed during infiltration, but the lattice parameter of Fe 0.4Al 0.6 was expended due to the Ti in the solid solution.展开更多
The microstructural evolution of 2026 aluminum alloy during homogenization treatment was investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS),differential ...The microstructural evolution of 2026 aluminum alloy during homogenization treatment was investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that severe dendritic segregation exists in the as-cast 2026 alloy and the main secondary phases at grain boundary are S(Al2CuMg)andθ(Al2Cu)phases.Elements Cu,Mg and Mn distribute unevenly from grain boundary to the inside of as-cast alloy.With the increase of homogenization temperature or the prolongation of holding time,the residual phases gradually dissolve into the matrixα(Al)and all the elements become more homogenized.According to the results of microstructural evolution,differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction,the optimum homogenization parameter is at 490°C for 24 h,which is consistent with the result of homogenization kinetic analysis.展开更多
The performance of a material is directly affected by its microstructural development during the solidification phase. Discrete cellular automaton (CA) models are widelyused in materials science to simulate and predic...The performance of a material is directly affected by its microstructural development during the solidification phase. Discrete cellular automaton (CA) models are widelyused in materials science to simulate and predict microstructural growth. This review comprehensively explains the developments and applications of CA in solidification structure simulation, including the theoretical underpinnings, computational procedures, software development, and recent advances. Summarizes the potential and limitations of cellular automata in understanding microstructure evolution during solidification, explores the evolution of microstructures during solidification, and adds to our existing knowledge of cellular automaton theory. Finally, the research trend in simulating the evolution of the solidification microstructure using cellular automaton theory is explored.展开更多
In this study,the cooling rate was manipulated by quenching with water of different temperatures(30,60 and 100℃).Surface and internal residual stresses in the quenched 6061 aluminum alloy samples were measured using ...In this study,the cooling rate was manipulated by quenching with water of different temperatures(30,60 and 100℃).Surface and internal residual stresses in the quenched 6061 aluminum alloy samples were measured using hole-drilling and crack compliance methods,respectively.Then,the processability of the quenched samples was evaluated at cryogenic temperatures.The mechanical properties of the as-aged samples were assessed,and microstructure evolution was analyzed.The surface residual stresses of samples W30℃,W60℃and W100℃is−178.7,−161.7 and−117.2 MPa,respectively along x-direction,respectively;and−191.2,−172.1 and−126.2 MPa,respectively along y-direction.The sample quenched in boiling water displaying the lowest residual stress(~34%and~60%reduction in the surface and core).The generation and distribution of quenching residual stress could be attributed to the lattice distortion gradient.Desirable plasticity was also exhibited in the samples with relatively low quenching cooling rates at cryogenic temperatures.The strengthes of the as-aged samples are 291.2 to 270.1 MPa as the quenching water temperature increase from 30℃to 100℃.Fine and homogeneous β"phases were observed in the as-aged sample quenched with boiling water due to the clusters and Guinier-Preston zones(GP zones)premature precipitated during quenching process.展开更多
The research demonstrated that laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)coupled with controlled annealing at 1200°C,could significantly increase the proportion of coincidence site lattice(CSL)grain boundary,thereby achieving...The research demonstrated that laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)coupled with controlled annealing at 1200°C,could significantly increase the proportion of coincidence site lattice(CSL)grain boundary,thereby achieving an outstanding synergy of enhanced strength and exceptional ductility.The plastic deformation behavior,strain hardening behavior,and fracture behavior of LPBF 316L steel annealing at 1200℃for 20 h were studied through quasi-in-situ tensile process.It was found that LPBF 316L steel formed a certain proportion of deformation twins during the tensile process,and the formation of twins changed the crystal orientation,thus promoting further slip and crystal deformation.The synergistic effect of slip and twin promoted higher plasticity.LPBF process coupled with controlled annealing at 1200°C for 20 h leads to a ultimate tensile strength of 613 MPa and total elongation of 73.8%.展开更多
During the process of cross wedge rolling of aluminum alloy hollow shaft, the evolution of its microstructure has an important influence on the mechanical properties of the rolled piece. In order to obtain the microst...During the process of cross wedge rolling of aluminum alloy hollow shaft, the evolution of its microstructure has an important influence on the mechanical properties of the rolled piece. In order to obtain the microstructure evolution law of aluminum alloy hollow shaft in cross wedge rolling without mandrel, a finite element model is constructed through the finite element software Deform-3D. The influences of rolling temperature, sectional shrinkage,spreading angle and forming angle on the average grain size of rolled piece are studied by numerical simulation of microstructure evolution. The cellular automata method reveals the inherent relationship between the process parameters and the evolution of the microstructure, and provides a reference for optimizing the rolling process parameters of aluminum alloy hollow shafts and improving the forming quality. The results show that the average grain size of the rolled piece increases with the increase of the rolling temperature, decreases with the increase of the sectional shrinkage,and decreases first and then increases with the increase of the spreading angle, and changes little with the increase of the forming angle.展开更多
One of the challenges for bimetal manufacturing is the joining process.Hence,transient liquid phase(TLP)bonding was performed between 304L stainless steel and Cp-Ti using an Ag-Cu interlayer with a thickness of 75μm ...One of the challenges for bimetal manufacturing is the joining process.Hence,transient liquid phase(TLP)bonding was performed between 304L stainless steel and Cp-Ti using an Ag-Cu interlayer with a thickness of 75μm for bonding time of 20,40,60,and 90 min.The bonding temperature of 860℃ was considered,which is under the β transus temperature of Cp-Ti.During TLP bonding,various intermetallic compounds(IMCs),including Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17),(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti,Ti(Cu,Fe),Ti_(2)(Cu,Ag),and Ti_(2)Cu from 304L toward Cp-Ti formed in the joint.Also,on the one side,with the increase in time,further diffusion of elements decreases the blocky IMCs such as Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17),(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti,Ti(Cu,Fe)in the 304L diffusion-affected zone(DAZ)and reaction zone,and on the other side,Ti_(2)(Cu,Ag)IMC transformed into fine morphology toward Cp-Ti DAZ.The microhardness test also demonstrated that the(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti+Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17) IMCs in the DAZ on the side of 304L have a hardness value of HV 564,making it the hardest phase.The maximum and minimum shear strength values are equal to 78.84 and 29.0 MPa,respectively.The cleavage pattern dominated fracture surfaces due to the formation of brittle phases in dissimilar joints.展开更多
The effect of Ti addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn-22Al eutectoid alloy with 0.15 wt%Ti was investigated.It was observed that the presence of Ti changes the morphology of n phase in the alloy....The effect of Ti addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn-22Al eutectoid alloy with 0.15 wt%Ti was investigated.It was observed that the presence of Ti changes the morphology of n phase in the alloy.Addition of Ti to Zn-Al alloy caused the formation of Ti(Zn,Al)_(3);phase.Before applying equal channel angular pressing(ECAP),two times of homogenization treatment were conducted on the alloy.After secondary homogenization,the microstructure consisted of a homogeneous and fine mixture ofαand n phases and the as-cast lamellar structure removed.After homogenization,ECAP was carried out on Ti-containing Zn-22Al alloy.The fraction of high angle grain boundaries increased with increasing the number of ECAP passes.The average grain size reduced from 930 nm after secondary homogenization to 380 nm after 8 passes of ECAP.The texture of the alloy also changed by applying ECAP.Maximum elongation to failure of the homogenized alloy was 135%at a strain rate of 10^(-5)s^(-1)which enhanced to a maximum of 405%at a strain rate of 10^(-3)s^(-1)after 8 passes of ECAP.It was also observed that by conducting ECAP and increasing the number of passes the hardness decreases,which indicates work-softening behavior due to dynamic recovery/recrystallization.展开更多
High-purity silver(Ag)is extensively utilized in electronics,aerospace,and other advanced industries due to its excellent thermal conductivity,electrical conductivity,and machinability.However,the prohibitive material...High-purity silver(Ag)is extensively utilized in electronics,aerospace,and other advanced industries due to its excellent thermal conductivity,electrical conductivity,and machinability.However,the prohibitive material cost poses substantial challenges for optimizing thermal processing parameters through repetitive experimental trials.In this work,hot compression experiments on high-purity silver were conducted using a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator.The high temperature deformation behaviors,dynamic recovery(DRV)and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of high-purity silver were studied by constructing an Arrhenius constitutive equation and developing thermal processing maps.The results show that plastic instability of high-purity silver occurs at high strain rates and the optimized hot processing parameters are the strain rate below 0.001 s^(−1) and the temperature of 340−400℃.Microstructural observations exhibit that DRV prefers to occur at lower deformation temperatures(e.g.,250℃).This is attributed to the low stacking fault energy of high-purity silver,which facilitates the decomposition of dislocations into partial dislocations and promotes high-density dislocation accumulation.Furthermore,DRX in high-purity silver becomes increasingly pronounced with increasing deformation temperature and reaches saturation at 350℃.展开更多
Constitutive behavior of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy （Ni-Ti SMA） under hot deformation was investigated by means of the compression tests and the linear fitting method. Based on the true stres-strain curves o...Constitutive behavior of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy （Ni-Ti SMA） under hot deformation was investigated by means of the compression tests and the linear fitting method. Based on the true stres-strain curves of Ni-Ti SMA under compression at the strain rates of 0.001-1 s land at the temperatures ranging from 600 to 1 000 ℃, the constitutive equation of Ni-Ti SMA with respect to the Zener-Hollomon parameter was established according to the high stress level and the low stress level at various temperatures so as to more accurately describe the deformation behavior of Ni-Ti SMA during hot working. Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of Ni-Ti SMA occur under hot compression, which lays the theoretical foundation for understanding the constitutive behavior of Ni-Ti SMA.展开更多
The finite element model is established according to the experimental results,and then the experimental results are verified by simulation calculation.In terms of the combination of finite element analysis and experim...The finite element model is established according to the experimental results,and then the experimental results are verified by simulation calculation.In terms of the combination of finite element analysis and experiment,the effect of particle size of CuO and SnO_(2) on the stress,strain and microstructure of AgCuOSnO_(2) composite during hot extrusion was studied.The results illustrate that with the decrease of particle size,the dispersion of the second phase increases gradually,while the possibility of“tail shrinkage”of the billet decreases continuously;cubic CuO will evolve to fibrosis,and the degree of fibrosis will increase with the decrease of the particle size and ring clusters.Specifically,the degree of fibrosis at the middle end of the billet is higher than that at the front end,the degree of fibrosis at the front end is higher than that at the back end,and the degree of fibrosis on the surface is higher than that in the core;part of CuO fibers will bend,and the degree of buckling strength is positively correlated with the size of particles and their annular clusters.Additionally,there is fiber CuO in the front and back end of the billet that are inconsistent with the extrusion direction,and the degree of difference was negatively correlated with the particle size.展开更多
The virtual absence of gravity-dependent phenomena in microgravity allows an in-depth understanding of fundamental events that are normally obscured and therefore are difficult to study quantitatively on Earth.Of part...The virtual absence of gravity-dependent phenomena in microgravity allows an in-depth understanding of fundamental events that are normally obscured and therefore are difficult to study quantitatively on Earth.Of particular interest is that the low-gravity environment aboard space provides a unique platform to synthesize alloys of semiconductors with homogeneous composition distributions,on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales,due to the much reduced buoyancy-driven convection.On the other hand,the easy realization of detached solidification in microgravity suppresses the formation of defects such as dislocations and twins,and thereby the crystallographic perfection is greatly increased.Moreover,the microgravity condition offers the possibilities to elucidate the liquid/solid interfacial structures,as well as clarify the microstructure evolution path of the metal alloys(or composites)during the solidification process.Motivated by these facts,growths of compound semiconductors and metal alloys were carried out under microgravity by using the drop tube,or on the scientific platforms of Tiangong-2 and SJ-10.The following illustrates the main results.展开更多
Oolitic hematite is an iron ore resource with rich reserves,complex composition,low grade,fine disseminated particle sizes,and a unique oolitic structure.In this study,a microwave-assisted suspension magnetization roa...Oolitic hematite is an iron ore resource with rich reserves,complex composition,low grade,fine disseminated particle sizes,and a unique oolitic structure.In this study,a microwave-assisted suspension magnetization roasting technology was proposed to recover and utilize the ore.The results showed that under the conditions of microwave pretreatment temperature of 1050℃ for 2 min,a magnetic concentrate with an iron grade of 58.72%at a recovery of 89.32%was obtained by microwave suspension magnetization roasting and magnetic separation.Moreover,compared with the no microwave pretreatment case,the iron grade and recovery increased by 3.17%and 1.58%,respectively.Microwave pretreatment increased the saturation magnetization of the roasted products from 24.974 to 39.236(A∙m^(2))/kg and the saturation susceptibility from 0.179×10^(−3) m^(3)/kg to 0.283×10^(−3) m^(3)/kg.Microcracks were formed between the iron and gangue minerals,and they gradually extended to the core of oolite with the increase in the pretreatment time.The reducing gas diffused from outside to inside along the microcracks,which promoted the selective transformation of the weak magnetic hematite into the strong magnetic magnetite.展开更多
Siderite,as an abundant iron ore,has not been effectively utilized,with a low utilization rate.In this study,the in-situ kinetics and mechanism of siderite during suspension magnetization roasting(SMR)were investigate...Siderite,as an abundant iron ore,has not been effectively utilized,with a low utilization rate.In this study,the in-situ kinetics and mechanism of siderite during suspension magnetization roasting(SMR)were investigated to improve the selective conversion of siderite to magnetite and CO,enriching the theoretical system of green SMR using siderite as a reductant.According to the gas products analyses,the peak value of the reaction rate increased with increasing temperature,and its curves presented the feature of an early peak and long tail.The mechanism function of the siderite pyrolysis was the contraction sphere model(R_(3)):f(α)=3(1−α)2/3;E_(α)was 46.4653 kJ/mol;A was 0.5938 s^(−1);the kinetics equation was k=0.5938exp[−46.4653/(RT)].The in-situ HT-XRD results indicated that siderite was converted into magnetite and wüstite that exhibited a good crystallinity in SMR under a N_(2) atmosphere.At 620℃,the saturation magnetization(M_(s)),remanence magnetization(Mr),and coercivity(Hc)of the product peaked at 53.63×10^(-3)A·m^(2)/g,10.23×10^(-3)A·m^(2)/g,and 12.40×10^(3)A/m,respectively.Meanwhile,the initial particles with a smooth surface were transformed into particles with a porous and loose structure in the roasting process,which would contribute to reducing the grinding cost.展开更多
Creep ageing forming(CAF)has been widely used in the aerospace engineering,but how to optimize the processing conditions,especially under complex stress state of the CAF process for large-size components produced by f...Creep ageing forming(CAF)has been widely used in the aerospace engineering,but how to optimize the processing conditions,especially under complex stress state of the CAF process for large-size components produced by friction-stir welding is still a great challenge to now.In this work,the creep ageing behaviors and underlying microstructure evolution of a thick friction-stir welded Al-Cu alloy plate after CAF process under different stress levels are systematically investigated.The creep strain and the strength of the joint are both significantly increased when the stress is close to the average yield strength of the initial weld joint.The grain size reduces while the local strain and dislocation density increase from top to bottom of the NZ;hence,the bottom layer of the weld joint exhibits higher creep strain and steady-stage creep strain rate during the CAF process.The results reveal that the gradient microstructures sensitive to the stress level effectively govern the creep-ageing performance from the upper to the bottom layer in a thick friction stir welded Al-Cu alloy plate.Rationally increasing the initial dislocation density of the weld joint can both enhance the tensile properties and promote the creep deformation of the weld joint for CAF process.展开更多
Based on the diffusion channel,the influence of Si content on the microstructure evolution of iron-based hot-dip Al-χSi coating was analyzed(χ=0,1.5 wt%,3.0 wt% and 7.0 wt%).The results show that the introduction of...Based on the diffusion channel,the influence of Si content on the microstructure evolution of iron-based hot-dip Al-χSi coating was analyzed(χ=0,1.5 wt%,3.0 wt% and 7.0 wt%).The results show that the introduction of Si makes the reaction interface change from the lingual-tooth interface of hot-dip Al to the flat interface of hot-dip Al-Si.It also reduces the thickness of the alloy layer in the coating,especially the Fe_(2)Al_(5) layer.When the Si content is 1.5 wt%or 3.0 wt%,the diffusion channel crosses the conjugate line of the two-phase region(FeAl_(3)+liquid phase)into the FeAl_(3) single-phase region,and then moves to the region with higher Si content.Next,the diffusion channel cuts off the conjugate line of FeAl_(3)phase,τ_(1)/τ_(9) phase,and Fe_(2)Al_(5)phase,which promotes the form ofτ_(1)/τ_(9) phase.The formedτ_(1)/τ_(9) phase inhibits the diffusion between Fe and Al atoms.When the Si content is 7.0 wt%,the diffusion channel passes through the two-phase region(liquid phase+τ_(5))and enters theτ_(5) single-phase region.The form ofτ_(5) single-phase region has a strong inhibitory effect on the interatomic diffusion of Fe and Al,thereby reducing the thickness of the coating,especially the Fe_(2)Al_(5)layer.展开更多
In this paper,the 2.6 vol%TiBw/Ti6Al4V composites with network architecture were fabricated by hot press sintering(HPS)at 1100℃ for 1 h,and the quantitative relationships between phases and heat treatment temperature...In this paper,the 2.6 vol%TiBw/Ti6Al4V composites with network architecture were fabricated by hot press sintering(HPS)at 1100℃ for 1 h,and the quantitative relationships between phases and heat treatment temperatures were established.The results showed that the volume fraction phases changed linearly with a range of solution temperature(930-1010℃)and aging temperature(400-600℃).Moreover,the composites with equiaxed microstructure were obtained due to the static recrystallization after solution treated at 950℃ for 1 h and aging treated at 600℃ for 12 h.The ultimate high temperature tensile strengths were 772,658,392 and 182 MPa,and the elongations were 9.1%,12.5%,28.6%and 35.3%at 400,500,600 and 700℃,respectively.In addition,fractured morphology analysis indicated the excellent strengthening effect of TiBw at a temperature below 600℃.However,the strengthening effect was significantly reduced due to the debonding of matrix and TiBw at 700℃ and caused the cracks to propagate along the grain boundary.展开更多
基金Project(2006AA03Z523) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘The deformation behavior of a new Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was investigated with compression tests in temperature range of 380?470 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1 using Gleeble 1500 system, and the associated microstructural evolutions were studied by metallographic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that true stress—strain curves exhibit a peak stress, followed by a dynamic flow softening at low strains (ε<0.05). The stress decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener-Hollomon exponential equation with the activation energy for deformation of 157.9 kJ/mol. The substructure in the deformed specimens consists of few fine precipitates with equaixed polygonized subgrains in the elongated grains and developed serrations at the grain boundaries. The dynamic flow softening is attributed mainly to dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization.
文摘Pressureless melt infiltration is an economic route f or preparation of high-density ceramic/melt composites. In this study, the Fe40 Al iron aluminide intermetallic, a low cost material of excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance, was used as binder for fabricating Fe40Al/TiC composites b y pressureless melt infiltration. The wetting ability of liquid Fe40Al in porous TiC pre-form was studied by in-situ monitoring the melting and infiltration p rocess. The infiltration ability was investigated by observing the distance of l iquid Fe40Al intrusion in porous TiC pre-forms at different infiltration temper atures and times by using optical microscope. Porous TiC per-forms with density of 60%～88%TD (theoretical density), prepared under pre-defined sintering temp e rature cycles, were used for fabricating Fe40Al/TiC composites in the range of 1 2%～40% metal content by volume. Almost full dense Fe40Al/TiC composites were su c cessfully fabricated by this technique. Liquid Fe40Al exhibited excellent infilt ration ability, the distance of complete intrusion of liquid Fe40Al in the TiC s intered pre-form with density of 88%TD was over 7 mm after 5 min at the inf iltration temperature of 1 450 ℃. Microstructural observation by SEM and TEM also showed that liquid Fe40Al filled the very narrow gaps among TiC particles, the interfaces of TiC particles and F e40Al plastic ligaments being metallurgical bonded. TEM revealed that high densi ty of dislocations formed in Fe40Al ligaments during solidification, which favor the mechanical properties. Ti decomposed from TiC particles and dissolved into Fe40Al during infiltration. According to the compositional analysis of TEM-EDS, the concentration of Ti in Fe40Al ranges at 1at%～4at% depending on composite f a bricating conditions and the distance from the measuring point to the closest Ti C particles. XRD analysis indicated that the composites were composed of two pha ses, the original TiC and Fe 0.4Al 0.6 intermetallic. No new phase formed during infiltration, but the lattice parameter of Fe 0.4Al 0.6 was expended due to the Ti in the solid solution.
基金Project(2016B090931001)supported by Science and Technology Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China
文摘The microstructural evolution of 2026 aluminum alloy during homogenization treatment was investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that severe dendritic segregation exists in the as-cast 2026 alloy and the main secondary phases at grain boundary are S(Al2CuMg)andθ(Al2Cu)phases.Elements Cu,Mg and Mn distribute unevenly from grain boundary to the inside of as-cast alloy.With the increase of homogenization temperature or the prolongation of holding time,the residual phases gradually dissolve into the matrixα(Al)and all the elements become more homogenized.According to the results of microstructural evolution,differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction,the optimum homogenization parameter is at 490°C for 24 h,which is consistent with the result of homogenization kinetic analysis.
文摘The performance of a material is directly affected by its microstructural development during the solidification phase. Discrete cellular automaton (CA) models are widelyused in materials science to simulate and predict microstructural growth. This review comprehensively explains the developments and applications of CA in solidification structure simulation, including the theoretical underpinnings, computational procedures, software development, and recent advances. Summarizes the potential and limitations of cellular automata in understanding microstructure evolution during solidification, explores the evolution of microstructures during solidification, and adds to our existing knowledge of cellular automaton theory. Finally, the research trend in simulating the evolution of the solidification microstructure using cellular automaton theory is explored.
基金Project(2021GK1040)supported by the Major Projects of Scientific and Technology Innovation of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(52375398)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘In this study,the cooling rate was manipulated by quenching with water of different temperatures(30,60 and 100℃).Surface and internal residual stresses in the quenched 6061 aluminum alloy samples were measured using hole-drilling and crack compliance methods,respectively.Then,the processability of the quenched samples was evaluated at cryogenic temperatures.The mechanical properties of the as-aged samples were assessed,and microstructure evolution was analyzed.The surface residual stresses of samples W30℃,W60℃and W100℃is−178.7,−161.7 and−117.2 MPa,respectively along x-direction,respectively;and−191.2,−172.1 and−126.2 MPa,respectively along y-direction.The sample quenched in boiling water displaying the lowest residual stress(~34%and~60%reduction in the surface and core).The generation and distribution of quenching residual stress could be attributed to the lattice distortion gradient.Desirable plasticity was also exhibited in the samples with relatively low quenching cooling rates at cryogenic temperatures.The strengthes of the as-aged samples are 291.2 to 270.1 MPa as the quenching water temperature increase from 30℃to 100℃.Fine and homogeneous β"phases were observed in the as-aged sample quenched with boiling water due to the clusters and Guinier-Preston zones(GP zones)premature precipitated during quenching process.
基金Project(52474418)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(YDZJSX2022A012)supported by the Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Foundation,China。
文摘The research demonstrated that laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)coupled with controlled annealing at 1200°C,could significantly increase the proportion of coincidence site lattice(CSL)grain boundary,thereby achieving an outstanding synergy of enhanced strength and exceptional ductility.The plastic deformation behavior,strain hardening behavior,and fracture behavior of LPBF 316L steel annealing at 1200℃for 20 h were studied through quasi-in-situ tensile process.It was found that LPBF 316L steel formed a certain proportion of deformation twins during the tensile process,and the formation of twins changed the crystal orientation,thus promoting further slip and crystal deformation.The synergistic effect of slip and twin promoted higher plasticity.LPBF process coupled with controlled annealing at 1200°C for 20 h leads to a ultimate tensile strength of 613 MPa and total elongation of 73.8%.
基金Project(52075272) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(LY18E050006) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China+1 种基金Project(2017A610088) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City,ChinaProjects(2018B10004, 2019B10100) supported by the Ningbo Science and Technology Plan,China。
文摘During the process of cross wedge rolling of aluminum alloy hollow shaft, the evolution of its microstructure has an important influence on the mechanical properties of the rolled piece. In order to obtain the microstructure evolution law of aluminum alloy hollow shaft in cross wedge rolling without mandrel, a finite element model is constructed through the finite element software Deform-3D. The influences of rolling temperature, sectional shrinkage,spreading angle and forming angle on the average grain size of rolled piece are studied by numerical simulation of microstructure evolution. The cellular automata method reveals the inherent relationship between the process parameters and the evolution of the microstructure, and provides a reference for optimizing the rolling process parameters of aluminum alloy hollow shafts and improving the forming quality. The results show that the average grain size of the rolled piece increases with the increase of the rolling temperature, decreases with the increase of the sectional shrinkage,and decreases first and then increases with the increase of the spreading angle, and changes little with the increase of the forming angle.
文摘One of the challenges for bimetal manufacturing is the joining process.Hence,transient liquid phase(TLP)bonding was performed between 304L stainless steel and Cp-Ti using an Ag-Cu interlayer with a thickness of 75μm for bonding time of 20,40,60,and 90 min.The bonding temperature of 860℃ was considered,which is under the β transus temperature of Cp-Ti.During TLP bonding,various intermetallic compounds(IMCs),including Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17),(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti,Ti(Cu,Fe),Ti_(2)(Cu,Ag),and Ti_(2)Cu from 304L toward Cp-Ti formed in the joint.Also,on the one side,with the increase in time,further diffusion of elements decreases the blocky IMCs such as Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17),(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti,Ti(Cu,Fe)in the 304L diffusion-affected zone(DAZ)and reaction zone,and on the other side,Ti_(2)(Cu,Ag)IMC transformed into fine morphology toward Cp-Ti DAZ.The microhardness test also demonstrated that the(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti+Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17) IMCs in the DAZ on the side of 304L have a hardness value of HV 564,making it the hardest phase.The maximum and minimum shear strength values are equal to 78.84 and 29.0 MPa,respectively.The cleavage pattern dominated fracture surfaces due to the formation of brittle phases in dissimilar joints.
文摘The effect of Ti addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn-22Al eutectoid alloy with 0.15 wt%Ti was investigated.It was observed that the presence of Ti changes the morphology of n phase in the alloy.Addition of Ti to Zn-Al alloy caused the formation of Ti(Zn,Al)_(3);phase.Before applying equal channel angular pressing(ECAP),two times of homogenization treatment were conducted on the alloy.After secondary homogenization,the microstructure consisted of a homogeneous and fine mixture ofαand n phases and the as-cast lamellar structure removed.After homogenization,ECAP was carried out on Ti-containing Zn-22Al alloy.The fraction of high angle grain boundaries increased with increasing the number of ECAP passes.The average grain size reduced from 930 nm after secondary homogenization to 380 nm after 8 passes of ECAP.The texture of the alloy also changed by applying ECAP.Maximum elongation to failure of the homogenized alloy was 135%at a strain rate of 10^(-5)s^(-1)which enhanced to a maximum of 405%at a strain rate of 10^(-3)s^(-1)after 8 passes of ECAP.It was also observed that by conducting ECAP and increasing the number of passes the hardness decreases,which indicates work-softening behavior due to dynamic recovery/recrystallization.
基金Project(52274369)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘High-purity silver(Ag)is extensively utilized in electronics,aerospace,and other advanced industries due to its excellent thermal conductivity,electrical conductivity,and machinability.However,the prohibitive material cost poses substantial challenges for optimizing thermal processing parameters through repetitive experimental trials.In this work,hot compression experiments on high-purity silver were conducted using a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator.The high temperature deformation behaviors,dynamic recovery(DRV)and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of high-purity silver were studied by constructing an Arrhenius constitutive equation and developing thermal processing maps.The results show that plastic instability of high-purity silver occurs at high strain rates and the optimized hot processing parameters are the strain rate below 0.001 s^(−1) and the temperature of 340−400℃.Microstructural observations exhibit that DRV prefers to occur at lower deformation temperatures(e.g.,250℃).This is attributed to the low stacking fault energy of high-purity silver,which facilitates the decomposition of dislocations into partial dislocations and promotes high-density dislocation accumulation.Furthermore,DRX in high-purity silver becomes increasingly pronounced with increasing deformation temperature and reaches saturation at 350℃.
基金Project(51071056) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(HEUCFR1132, HEUCF121712)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘Constitutive behavior of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy （Ni-Ti SMA） under hot deformation was investigated by means of the compression tests and the linear fitting method. Based on the true stres-strain curves of Ni-Ti SMA under compression at the strain rates of 0.001-1 s land at the temperatures ranging from 600 to 1 000 ℃, the constitutive equation of Ni-Ti SMA with respect to the Zener-Hollomon parameter was established according to the high stress level and the low stress level at various temperatures so as to more accurately describe the deformation behavior of Ni-Ti SMA during hot working. Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of Ni-Ti SMA occur under hot compression, which lays the theoretical foundation for understanding the constitutive behavior of Ni-Ti SMA.
基金Project(2017FA027)supported by the Key Project of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province,China。
文摘The finite element model is established according to the experimental results,and then the experimental results are verified by simulation calculation.In terms of the combination of finite element analysis and experiment,the effect of particle size of CuO and SnO_(2) on the stress,strain and microstructure of AgCuOSnO_(2) composite during hot extrusion was studied.The results illustrate that with the decrease of particle size,the dispersion of the second phase increases gradually,while the possibility of“tail shrinkage”of the billet decreases continuously;cubic CuO will evolve to fibrosis,and the degree of fibrosis will increase with the decrease of the particle size and ring clusters.Specifically,the degree of fibrosis at the middle end of the billet is higher than that at the front end,the degree of fibrosis at the front end is higher than that at the back end,and the degree of fibrosis on the surface is higher than that in the core;part of CuO fibers will bend,and the degree of buckling strength is positively correlated with the size of particles and their annular clusters.Additionally,there is fiber CuO in the front and back end of the billet that are inconsistent with the extrusion direction,and the degree of difference was negatively correlated with the particle size.
基金Supports by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1738114)the Strategic Priority Research Program on Space Science,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA15051200)+1 种基金the China's Manned Space Station Project(TGJZ800-2-RW024)the Chinese manned space flight pre-research project(030302)
文摘The virtual absence of gravity-dependent phenomena in microgravity allows an in-depth understanding of fundamental events that are normally obscured and therefore are difficult to study quantitatively on Earth.Of particular interest is that the low-gravity environment aboard space provides a unique platform to synthesize alloys of semiconductors with homogeneous composition distributions,on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales,due to the much reduced buoyancy-driven convection.On the other hand,the easy realization of detached solidification in microgravity suppresses the formation of defects such as dislocations and twins,and thereby the crystallographic perfection is greatly increased.Moreover,the microgravity condition offers the possibilities to elucidate the liquid/solid interfacial structures,as well as clarify the microstructure evolution path of the metal alloys(or composites)during the solidification process.Motivated by these facts,growths of compound semiconductors and metal alloys were carried out under microgravity by using the drop tube,or on the scientific platforms of Tiangong-2 and SJ-10.The following illustrates the main results.
基金Projects(51874071,51734005,52104257)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(161045)supported by the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation for Yong Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China。
文摘Oolitic hematite is an iron ore resource with rich reserves,complex composition,low grade,fine disseminated particle sizes,and a unique oolitic structure.In this study,a microwave-assisted suspension magnetization roasting technology was proposed to recover and utilize the ore.The results showed that under the conditions of microwave pretreatment temperature of 1050℃ for 2 min,a magnetic concentrate with an iron grade of 58.72%at a recovery of 89.32%was obtained by microwave suspension magnetization roasting and magnetic separation.Moreover,compared with the no microwave pretreatment case,the iron grade and recovery increased by 3.17%and 1.58%,respectively.Microwave pretreatment increased the saturation magnetization of the roasted products from 24.974 to 39.236(A∙m^(2))/kg and the saturation susceptibility from 0.179×10^(−3) m^(3)/kg to 0.283×10^(−3) m^(3)/kg.Microcracks were formed between the iron and gangue minerals,and they gradually extended to the core of oolite with the increase in the pretreatment time.The reducing gas diffused from outside to inside along the microcracks,which promoted the selective transformation of the weak magnetic hematite into the strong magnetic magnetite.
基金Projects(51874071,52022019,51734005)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(161045)supported by the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation for Yong Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China。
文摘Siderite,as an abundant iron ore,has not been effectively utilized,with a low utilization rate.In this study,the in-situ kinetics and mechanism of siderite during suspension magnetization roasting(SMR)were investigated to improve the selective conversion of siderite to magnetite and CO,enriching the theoretical system of green SMR using siderite as a reductant.According to the gas products analyses,the peak value of the reaction rate increased with increasing temperature,and its curves presented the feature of an early peak and long tail.The mechanism function of the siderite pyrolysis was the contraction sphere model(R_(3)):f(α)=3(1−α)2/3;E_(α)was 46.4653 kJ/mol;A was 0.5938 s^(−1);the kinetics equation was k=0.5938exp[−46.4653/(RT)].The in-situ HT-XRD results indicated that siderite was converted into magnetite and wüstite that exhibited a good crystallinity in SMR under a N_(2) atmosphere.At 620℃,the saturation magnetization(M_(s)),remanence magnetization(Mr),and coercivity(Hc)of the product peaked at 53.63×10^(-3)A·m^(2)/g,10.23×10^(-3)A·m^(2)/g,and 12.40×10^(3)A/m,respectively.Meanwhile,the initial particles with a smooth surface were transformed into particles with a porous and loose structure in the roasting process,which would contribute to reducing the grinding cost.
基金Project(2021YFB3400903) supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProject(1053320211480) supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Graduate Students of Central South University,China。
文摘Creep ageing forming(CAF)has been widely used in the aerospace engineering,but how to optimize the processing conditions,especially under complex stress state of the CAF process for large-size components produced by friction-stir welding is still a great challenge to now.In this work,the creep ageing behaviors and underlying microstructure evolution of a thick friction-stir welded Al-Cu alloy plate after CAF process under different stress levels are systematically investigated.The creep strain and the strength of the joint are both significantly increased when the stress is close to the average yield strength of the initial weld joint.The grain size reduces while the local strain and dislocation density increase from top to bottom of the NZ;hence,the bottom layer of the weld joint exhibits higher creep strain and steady-stage creep strain rate during the CAF process.The results reveal that the gradient microstructures sensitive to the stress level effectively govern the creep-ageing performance from the upper to the bottom layer in a thick friction stir welded Al-Cu alloy plate.Rationally increasing the initial dislocation density of the weld joint can both enhance the tensile properties and promote the creep deformation of the weld joint for CAF process.
基金Projects(51971039,51671037)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(19KJA530001)supported by the Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Jiangsu,ChinaProject(KYCX21_2868)supported by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China。
文摘Based on the diffusion channel,the influence of Si content on the microstructure evolution of iron-based hot-dip Al-χSi coating was analyzed(χ=0,1.5 wt%,3.0 wt% and 7.0 wt%).The results show that the introduction of Si makes the reaction interface change from the lingual-tooth interface of hot-dip Al to the flat interface of hot-dip Al-Si.It also reduces the thickness of the alloy layer in the coating,especially the Fe_(2)Al_(5) layer.When the Si content is 1.5 wt%or 3.0 wt%,the diffusion channel crosses the conjugate line of the two-phase region(FeAl_(3)+liquid phase)into the FeAl_(3) single-phase region,and then moves to the region with higher Si content.Next,the diffusion channel cuts off the conjugate line of FeAl_(3)phase,τ_(1)/τ_(9) phase,and Fe_(2)Al_(5)phase,which promotes the form ofτ_(1)/τ_(9) phase.The formedτ_(1)/τ_(9) phase inhibits the diffusion between Fe and Al atoms.When the Si content is 7.0 wt%,the diffusion channel passes through the two-phase region(liquid phase+τ_(5))and enters theτ_(5) single-phase region.The form ofτ_(5) single-phase region has a strong inhibitory effect on the interatomic diffusion of Fe and Al,thereby reducing the thickness of the coating,especially the Fe_(2)Al_(5)layer.
基金Project(51905123)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(ZR2019MEM037)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China。
文摘In this paper,the 2.6 vol%TiBw/Ti6Al4V composites with network architecture were fabricated by hot press sintering(HPS)at 1100℃ for 1 h,and the quantitative relationships between phases and heat treatment temperatures were established.The results showed that the volume fraction phases changed linearly with a range of solution temperature(930-1010℃)and aging temperature(400-600℃).Moreover,the composites with equiaxed microstructure were obtained due to the static recrystallization after solution treated at 950℃ for 1 h and aging treated at 600℃ for 12 h.The ultimate high temperature tensile strengths were 772,658,392 and 182 MPa,and the elongations were 9.1%,12.5%,28.6%and 35.3%at 400,500,600 and 700℃,respectively.In addition,fractured morphology analysis indicated the excellent strengthening effect of TiBw at a temperature below 600℃.However,the strengthening effect was significantly reduced due to the debonding of matrix and TiBw at 700℃ and caused the cracks to propagate along the grain boundary.
