The present work aims to stabilize the room temperature allotropic transition of ammonium nitrate(AN)particles utilizing a microencapsulation technique,which involves solvent/non-solvent in which nitrocellulose(NC)has...The present work aims to stabilize the room temperature allotropic transition of ammonium nitrate(AN)particles utilizing a microencapsulation technique,which involves solvent/non-solvent in which nitrocellulose(NC)has been employed as a coating agent.The SEM micrographs revealed distinct features of both pure AN and NC,contrasting with the irregular granular surface topography of the coated AN particles,demonstrating the adherence of NC on the AN surface.Structural analysis via infrared spectroscopy(IR)demonstrated a successful association of AN and NC,with slight shifts observed in IR bands indicating interfacial interactions.Powder X-ray Diffraction(PXRD)analysis further elucidated the structural changes induced by the coating process,revealing that the NC coating altered the crystallization pattern of its pure form.Thermal analysis demonstrates distinct profiles for pure and coated AN,for which the coated sample exhibits a temperature increase and an enthalpy decrease of the room temperature allotropic transition by 6℃,and 36%,respectively.Furthermore,the presence of NC coating alters the intermolecular forces within the composite system,leading to a reduction in melting enthalpy of coated AN by~39%compared to pure AN.The thermal decomposition analysis shows a two-step thermolysis process for coated AN,with a significant increase in the released heat by about 78%accompanied by an increase in the activation barrier of NC and AN thermolysis,demonstrating a stabilized reactivity of the AN-NC particles.These findings highlight the synergistic effect of NC coating on AN particles,which contributed to a structural and reactive stabilization of both AN and NC,proving the potential application of NC-coated AN as a strategically advantageous oxidizer in composite solid propellant formulations.展开更多
WC particles reinforced CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy(HEA)composite coatings were prepared on Cr12MoV steel successfully by laser cladding technology to improve the wear resistance of substrates.Effect of WC content o...WC particles reinforced CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy(HEA)composite coatings were prepared on Cr12MoV steel successfully by laser cladding technology to improve the wear resistance of substrates.Effect of WC content on microstructure and wear property of the composite coatings was studied in detail.Large numbers of carbides with four main types:primary carbide crystals,eutectic structures,massive crystals growing along the periphery of the remaining WC particles and incompletely fused WC particles,were found to exist in the WC/CoCrFeNiMo composite coatings.With increasing WC content,the microhardness of coatings is gradually improved while the average friction coefficients follow the opposite trend due to solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening effect.The maximum microhardness and minimum friction coefficient are HV_(0.2)689.7 and 0.72,respectively,for the composite coating with 30 wt.%WC,the wear resistance of the substrate is improved significantly,the wear mechanisms are spalling wear and abrasive wear due to their high microhardness.展开更多
Changes to the microstructure of a hard carbon(HC)and its solid electrolyte interface(SEI)can be effective in improving the electrode kinetics.However,achieving fast charging using a simple and inexpensive strategy wi...Changes to the microstructure of a hard carbon(HC)and its solid electrolyte interface(SEI)can be effective in improving the electrode kinetics.However,achieving fast charging using a simple and inexpensive strategy without sacrificing its initial Coulombic efficiency remains a challenge in sodium ion batteries.A simple liquid-phase coating approach has been used to generate a pitch-derived soft carbon layer on the HC surface,and its effect on the porosity of HC and SEI chemistry has been studied.A variety of structural characterizations show a soft carbon coating can increase the defect and ultra-micropore contents.The increase in ultra-micropore comes from both the soft carbon coatings and the larger pores within the HC that are partially filled by pitch,which provides more Na+storage sites.In-situ FTIR/EIS and ex-situ XPS showed that the soft carbon coating induced the formation of thinner SEI that is richer in NaF from the electrolyte,which stabilized the interface and promoted the charge transfer process.As a result,the anode produced fastcharging(329.8 mAh g^(−1)at 30 mA g^(−1)and 198.6 mAh g^(−1)at 300 mA g^(−1))and had a better cycling performance(a high capacity retention of 81.4%after 100 cycles at 150 mA g^(−1)).This work reveals the critical role of coating layer in changing the pore structure,SEI chemistry and diffusion kinetics of hard carbon,which enables rational design of sodium-ion battery anode with enhanced fast charging capability.展开更多
Semiconductors and related fields today hold vast application prospects.The semiconductor wafer fabrication process involves steps such as substrate preparation and epitaxy,which occur in high-temperature corrosive en...Semiconductors and related fields today hold vast application prospects.The semiconductor wafer fabrication process involves steps such as substrate preparation and epitaxy,which occur in high-temperature corrosive environments.Consequently,components like crucibles,susceptors and wafer carriers require carbon-based materials such as graphite and carbon-carbon composites.However,traditional carbon materials underperform in these extreme conditions,failing to effectively address the challenges.This leads to issues including product contamination and shortened equipment lifespan.Therefore,effective protection of carbon materials is crucial.This paper reviews current research status on the preparation methods and properties of corrosion-resistant coatings within relevant domestic and international fields.Preparation methods include various techniques such as physical vapor deposition(PVD),chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and the sol-gel method.Furthermore,it offers perspectives on future research directions for corrosion-resistant coated components in semiconductor equipment.These include exploring novel coating materials,improving coating preparation processes,enhancing coating corrosion resistance,as well as further investigating the interfacial interactions between coatings and carbon substrates to achieve better adhesion and compatibility.展开更多
To improve the oxidation resistance of HfB_(2)-SiC coatings on carbon/carbon composites at 1700°C in air,CeO_(2) was introduced to improve oxygen blocking and its mechanism was investigated.During the rapid oxida...To improve the oxidation resistance of HfB_(2)-SiC coatings on carbon/carbon composites at 1700°C in air,CeO_(2) was introduced to improve oxygen blocking and its mechanism was investigated.During the rapid oxidation stage,CeO_(2) accelerated the formation of a multiphase glass layer on the coating surface.The maximum oxidation rates of CeO_(2)-HfB2-SiC coatings with 1%,3%,and 5%CeO_(2) were 24.1%,20.3%,and 53.2%higher than that of the unmodified HfB2-SiC coating,respectively.In the stable oxidation stage,the maximum oxidation rates of coatings with 1%and 3%CeO_(2) decreased by 31.4%and 21.9%,respectively,demonstrating adequate inert protection.CeO_(2) is a“coagulant”and“stabilizer”in the composite glass layer.However,increasing the CeO_(2) content accelerates the reaction between the SiO_(2) glass phase and SiC,leading to a higher SiO_(2) consumption and reduced self-healing ability of the glass layer.The 1%CeO_(2)-60%HfB2-39%SiC coating showed improved glass layer viscosity and stability,moderate SiO_(2) consumption,and better self-healing ability,significantly boosting the oxidation protection of the coating.展开更多
Graphene oxide (GO) reduced by Stachys lavandulifolia extract (SLE) was produced and characterised. The anti-corrosion behaviour of epoxy coatings containing GO and rGO nanosheets was investigated. FESEM-EDS, FT-IR, a...Graphene oxide (GO) reduced by Stachys lavandulifolia extract (SLE) was produced and characterised. The anti-corrosion behaviour of epoxy coatings containing GO and rGO nanosheets was investigated. FESEM-EDS, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the microstructure and chemical composition of the nanosheets and epoxy coatings. EIS experiment was used to explore the corrosion behaviour of the coatings. The O/C ratio for GO and rGO-SLE was found to be 2.5 and 4.5, indicating a decrease in the carbon content after the reduction of GO, confirming the adsorption of SLE onto the GO nanosheets. The successful reduction of GO in the presence of SLE particles was confirmed by disappearing the C=O peak and a significant decrease in the C-O-C bond intensity. The epoxy/rGO- SLE coatings exhibited the highest double-layer thickness and excellent corrosion resistance compared to neat epoxy and epoxy/GO coatings, emphasizing the significant role of rGO in enhancing the protective performance of epoxy coatings. The highest values for total charge transfer and film resistances and the inhibition efficiency were observed to be 6529 Ω·cm^(2) and 90%, respectively, for the epoxy/rGO-SLE coated steel plate. It was also found that the epoxy/0.15 wt.% rGO-SLE coating demonstrates the best corrosion resistance performance.展开更多
In the process of protecting ferrous materials,aluminum coating usually forms a dense oxide film on the surface of the iron-based alloy.However,the capacity of the sacrificial anode is rather insufficient.In order to ...In the process of protecting ferrous materials,aluminum coating usually forms a dense oxide film on the surface of the iron-based alloy.However,the capacity of the sacrificial anode is rather insufficient.In order to solve this problem,the microstructure and electrochemical corrosion properties of Al-8Si-3Fe-xIn alloy under low chlorine conditions were studied.The results show that indium(In)dissolves to form In^(3+)and In^(+)reverse plating on the surface of the bare substrate to form a passivation film defect.When the In content is high,the segregated In forms an activation point in the form of a cathode phase.In activatesτ_(6)phase to form a micro-couple,which improves the non-uniform corrosion.The In-containing corrosion products at the phase boundary hinder the diffusion of Cl−.With an increase of In content,the self-corrosion potential(Ecorr)of the alloy shifts negatively,and the self-corrosion current density(Jcorr)decreases from 6.477μA/cm^(2)to 1.352μA/cm^(2),and then increases gradually.However,when the In content is 0.1%,the Ecorr of the alloy changes from−0.824 V to−0.932 V,and the Jcorr decreases from 6.477μA/cm^(2)to 4.699μA/cm^(2),suggesting that the use of sacrificial anode will give the best effect.展开更多
Preparing multifunctional coatings with both anti-corrosion and anti-biofouling properties is crucial.Copper has been in the spotlight as an effective biocide,especially in the recent past concerning its impact on cau...Preparing multifunctional coatings with both anti-corrosion and anti-biofouling properties is crucial.Copper has been in the spotlight as an effective biocide,especially in the recent past concerning its impact on causing environmental hazards.Reducing the amount used and increasing its efficiency have become the focus of researchers.The hybridization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(NPs)with copper metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)can significantly improve antimicrobial performance due to its photocatalytic properties.Composites(TiO_(2)-Cu-BTC)of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and copper 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate acid(Cu-BTC),obtained by three up-sampling methods,namely hydrothermal,mechanical stirring,and in-situ growth,were doped into epoxy resin(TiO_(2)-Cu-BTC/EP)to enhance its anticorrosion and antifouling properties.The loaded forms were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and confirmed using Fourier infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy.The lethality of the composite coating against Escherichia coli(E.coli)increased by 12%after 3 h of exposure to light,and the impedance value increased by 1×1010Ω.The efficiency of the coating was greatly improved.展开更多
Because of an unfortunate mistake by authors,the Project(5227010679)of Foundation item was wrong.The corrected Project is shown as follows:Project(52271073).
Copper is a versatile material,commonly utilized in power transmission and electronic devices,but its relative high reactivity necessitates a long-lasting protective technique.Here,we report a method that combines pla...Copper is a versatile material,commonly utilized in power transmission and electronic devices,but its relative high reactivity necessitates a long-lasting protective technique.Here,we report a method that combines plasma-enhanced non-equilibrium magnetron sputtering physical vapor deposition(PEUMS-PVD)and anodization to construct a self-healing three-dimensional Ti/Al-doped TiO_(2)nanotubes/Ti_(3)AlC_(2)coating on the surface of Cu substrates.This novel strategy enhances the corrosion resistance of copper substrates in marine environments,with corrosion current densities of up to 4.5643×10^(−8)A/cm^(2).Among them,the doping of nano-aluminum particles makes the coating self-healing.The mechanistic analysis of the corrosion behaviors during early immersion experiments was conducted using electrochemical noise,and revealed that during the initial stages of coating immersion,uniform corrosion predominates,with a minor occurrence of localized corrosion.展开更多
In the development of rechargeable lithium ion batteries(LIBs),silicon anodes have attracted much attention because of their extremely high theoretical capacity,relatively low Li-insertion voltage and the availability...In the development of rechargeable lithium ion batteries(LIBs),silicon anodes have attracted much attention because of their extremely high theoretical capacity,relatively low Li-insertion voltage and the availability of silicon resources.However,their large volume expansion and fragile solid electrolyte interface(SEI)film hinder their commercial application.To solve these problems,Si has been combined with various carbon materials to increase their structural stability and improve their interface properties.The use of different carbon materials,such as amorphous carbon and graphite,as three-dimensional(3D)protective anode coatings that help buffer mechanical strain and isolate the electrolyte is detailed,and novel methods for applying the coatings are outlined.However,carbon materials used as a protective layer still have some disadvantages,necessitating their modification.Recent developments have focused on modifying the protective carbon shells,and substitutes for the carbon have been suggested.展开更多
Ammonium dinitramide(ADN),which has the advantages of high energy density,no halogen and low characteristic signal,is not only considered as a new high-energy oxidizer that is expected to replace the traditional oxidi...Ammonium dinitramide(ADN),which has the advantages of high energy density,no halogen and low characteristic signal,is not only considered as a new high-energy oxidizer that is expected to replace the traditional oxidizer ammonium perchlorate(AP)in solid propellants,but also a good performance explosive in itself.However,due to the strong hygroscopicity of ADN,its application in solid propellants and explosives is greatly limited.Solving the hygroscopicity of ADN is the key to realize the wide application of ADN.In this paper,we systematically review the research progress of anti-hygroscopic strategies of ADN coating.The surface coating methods are focusing on solvent volatilization,solvent-non-solvent,melt crystallization and atomic layer deposition technology.The characteristics of the different methods are compared and analyzed,and the basis for the classification and selection of the coating materials are introduced in detail.In addition,the feasibility of material for surface coating of ADN is evaluated by several compatibility analysis methods.It is highly expected that the liquid phase method(solvent volatilization method,solvent-non-solvent method)would be the promising method for future ADN coating because of its effective,safety and facile operation.Furthermore,polymer materials,are the preferred coating materials due to their high viscosity,easy adhesion,good anti-hygroscopic effect,and heat resistance,which make ADN weak hygroscopicity,less sensitive,easier to preserve and good compatibility.展开更多
We report on the performance improvement of long-wave infrared quantum cascade lasers(LWIR QCLs)by studying and optimizing the anti-reflection(AR)optical facet coating.Compared to the Al2O3 AR coat⁃ing,the Y_(2)O_(3)A...We report on the performance improvement of long-wave infrared quantum cascade lasers(LWIR QCLs)by studying and optimizing the anti-reflection(AR)optical facet coating.Compared to the Al2O3 AR coat⁃ing,the Y_(2)O_(3)AR coating exhibits higher catastrophic optical mirror damage(COMD)level,and the optical facet coatings of both material systems have no beam steering effect.A 3-mm-long,9.5-μm-wide buried-heterostruc⁃ture(BH)LWIR QCL ofλ~8.5μm with Y_(2)O_(3)metallic high-reflection(HR)and AR of~0.2%reflectivity coating demonstrates a maximum pulsed peak power of 2.19 W at 298 K,which is 149%higher than that of the uncoated device.For continuous-wave(CW)operation,by optimizing the reflectivity of the Y_(2)O_(3)AR coating,the maximum output power reaches 0.73 W,which is 91%higher than that of the uncoated device.展开更多
A novel design of micro-aluminum(μAl)powder coated with bi-/tri-component alloy layer,such as:Ni-P and Ni-P-Cu(namely,Al@Ni-P,Al@Ni-P-Cu,respectively),as combustion catalysts,were introduced to release its huge energ...A novel design of micro-aluminum(μAl)powder coated with bi-/tri-component alloy layer,such as:Ni-P and Ni-P-Cu(namely,Al@Ni-P,Al@Ni-P-Cu,respectively),as combustion catalysts,were introduced to release its huge energy inside Al-core and promote rapid pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorate(AP)at a lower temperature in aluminized propellants.The microstructure of Al@Ni-P-Cu demonstrates that a three-layer Ni-P-Cu shell,with the thickness of~100 nm,is uniformly supported byμAl carrier(fuel unit),which has an amorphous surface with a thickness of~2.3 nm(catalytic unit).The peak temperature of AP with the addition of Al@Ni-P-Cu(3.5%)could significantly drop to 316.2℃ at high-temperature thermal decomposition,reduced by 124.3℃,in comparison to that of pure AP with 440.5℃.It illustrated that the introduction of Al@Ni-P-Cu could weaken or even eliminate the obstacle of AP pyrolysis due to its reduction of activation energy with 118.28 kJ/mol.The laser ignition results showed that the ignition delay time of Al@Ni-P-Cu/AP mixture with 78 ms in air is shorter than that of Al@Ni-P/AP(118 ms),decreased by 33.90%.Those astonishing breakthroughs were attributed to the synergistic effects of adequate active sites on amorphous surface and oxidation exothermic reactions(7597.7 J/g)of Al@Ni-P-Cu,resulting in accelerated mass and/or heat transfer rate to catalyze AP pyrolysis and combustion.Moreover,it is believed to provide an alternative Al-based combustion catalyst for propellant designer,to promote the development the propellants toward a higher energy.展开更多
To achieve the controllable release of energy of nitrocellulose-based propellants,this paper combines the cellulose-based nanocomposites aqueous coating(Surelease®-NC)with fluidized bed coating equipment to succe...To achieve the controllable release of energy of nitrocellulose-based propellants,this paper combines the cellulose-based nanocomposites aqueous coating(Surelease®-NC)with fluidized bed coating equipment to successfully prepare the coated spherical propellant for the first time.The effects of fluidized bed coating temperature,air velocity,flow speed and atomization pressure on the adhesion rate,coating integrity and coating uniformity of the coated spherical propellant were investigated,and the preparation of coated spherical propellant with homogeneous size and structural integrity was achieved for the first time.The microscopic morphology,chemical structure,water vapor adsorption behavior,combustion performance,and ageing resistance property of the coated spherical propellant were systematically investigated by,Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Micro confocal raman spectrometer,field scanning electron microscopy(SEM),dynamic vapor adsorption techniques,and closed bomb test,confirming the surface core-shell structure and the tightly bonded interfacial structure of coated spherical propellant.Meanwhile,the coated spherical propellant has good hygroscopic,excellent progressive burning and long storage stability.展开更多
In this paper,1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate([BMIM]BF4)is used as corrosion inhibitor.Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)is used to load the corrosion inhibitor.PAN/[BMIM]BF4 hybrid nanofibers are successfullysynthesi...In this paper,1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate([BMIM]BF4)is used as corrosion inhibitor.Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)is used to load the corrosion inhibitor.PAN/[BMIM]BF4 hybrid nanofibers are successfullysynthesized by electrospinning technology.The alkyd varnish is coated on the fiber membrane to prepare a compositecoating,and then a series of tests are carried out on the self-healing and anticorrosive performance of the compositecoating.It is observed by scanning electron microscope that the fiber morphology is stable and there is no bead-likestructure.The composition of the composite fiber is analyzed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy,and it is confirmed thatthe hybrid nanofiber was successfully prepared.3D laser confocal scanning microscope was used to observe thecorrosion morphology and profile of the carbon steel.The composite coating shows good self-healing performance.[BMIM]BF4 can form a protective film on the surface of the bare carbon steel substrate through physical adsorption orchemical adsorption in an alkaline environment.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was tested and analyzed.It isfound that the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of the coating is 88.5%in 3.5 wt.%alkaline NaCl solution.Compared with the blank coating without nanofibers,the composite fiber varnish composite coating exhibits good selfhealingand anti-corrosion properties.展开更多
Alumina coated LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles were obtained by a simple method of solid state reaction at room temperature. The reaction mechanism of solid state reaction at room temperature was investigated. The struc...Alumina coated LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles were obtained by a simple method of solid state reaction at room temperature. The reaction mechanism of solid state reaction at room temperature was investigated. The structure and morphology of the coating materials were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM. The electrochemical performances of uncoated and Al2O3-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials were studied within a voltage window of 3.00?4.35 V at current density of 30 mA/g. SEM, TEM and EDS analytical results indicate that the surface of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles is coated with very fine Al2O3 composite, which leads to the improved cycle ability though a slight decrease in the first discharge capacity is observed. It is proposed that surface treatment by solid state reaction at room temperature is a simple and effective method to improve the cycle performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 particles.展开更多
Herein,a novel composite coating with excellent self-healing and corrosion resistance activated byphotothermal responsive hollow core-shell nanofillers was developed.A photothermal nanofiller(Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3))w...Herein,a novel composite coating with excellent self-healing and corrosion resistance activated byphotothermal responsive hollow core-shell nanofillers was developed.A photothermal nanofiller(Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3))with ahollow core-shell structure was synthesized and then added to polyurethane(PU)to prepare PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)compositecoating.Applying 808 nm near-infrared irradiation induces a photothermal effect in Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3),which subsequentlyinitiates the reconstruction of reversible hydrogen bonds,facilitating the self-healing of coating scratches.The excellentphotothermal self-healing performance of PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating was demonstrated by scratch tests and moleculardynamics simulations.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results showed that the PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating has good self-healing and anti-corrosion properties.The low-frequency impedance modulus of the coating afterthree self-healing sessions was still close to 109Ω·cm^(2)after 30 d of immersion in seawater.This study provides a newstrategy for developing multi-cycle self-healing coatings triggered by photothermal effects.展开更多
In this manuscript,the neat epoxy(EP)and functionalized Fe_(3)O_(4)(G-Fe_(3)O_(4))reinforced epoxy(G-Fe_(3)O_(4)/EP)coatings were cured under different temperatures,and the effect of the low curing temperature on the ...In this manuscript,the neat epoxy(EP)and functionalized Fe_(3)O_(4)(G-Fe_(3)O_(4))reinforced epoxy(G-Fe_(3)O_(4)/EP)coatings were cured under different temperatures,and the effect of the low curing temperature on the anticorrosion performance was investigated.The experimental results show that the epoxy-amine ring-open addition reaction mainly exists in the curing process,and the activation energies of the reaction for the two coatings are 55.84 and 53.29 kJ/mol,respectively.For the coatings cured at the low temperature,almost no pores could be detected on the fracture surface,but the presentence of the rough regions reflects the poor curing state.As compared with the samples cured at the high temperature,the anticorrosion performance of the coatings with the low curing temperature is worse,and the decrease rate of the anticorrosion performance is slower,because of the poor curing state and low adhesion obtained at the low temperature.展开更多
The chemical compound 3-(N-ethylamino)isobutyl)trimethoxysilane(EAMS)modified titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),producing EAMS-TiO_(2),which was encased in graphitic carbon nitride(GCN)and integrated into epoxy resin(EP).The ...The chemical compound 3-(N-ethylamino)isobutyl)trimethoxysilane(EAMS)modified titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),producing EAMS-TiO_(2),which was encased in graphitic carbon nitride(GCN)and integrated into epoxy resin(EP).The protective properties of mild steel coated with this nanocomposite in a marine environment were assessedusing electrochemical techniques.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and Cone calorimetry tests demonstrated thatGCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)significantly enhanced the flame retardancy of the epoxy coating,reducing peak heat release rate(PHRR)and total heat release(THR)values by 88%and 70%,respectively,compared to pure EP.Salt spray testsindicated reduced water absorption and improved corrosion resistance.The optimal concentration of 0.6 wt%GCNEAMS/TiO_(2)yielded the highest resistance,with the nanocomposite achieving a coating resistance of 7.50×10^(10)Ω·cm^(2)after 28 d in seawater.The surface resistance of EP-GCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)was over 99.9 times higher than pure EP after onehour in seawater.SECM analysis showed the lowest ferrous ion dissipation(1.0 nA)for EP-GCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)coatedsteel.FE-SEM and EDX analyses revealed improved breakdown products and a durable inert nanolayered covering.Thenanocomposite exhibited excellent water resistance(water contact angle of 167°)and strong mechanical properties,withadhesive strength increasing to 18.3 MPa after 28 d in seawater.EP-GCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)shows potential as a coatingmaterial for the shipping industry.展开更多
文摘The present work aims to stabilize the room temperature allotropic transition of ammonium nitrate(AN)particles utilizing a microencapsulation technique,which involves solvent/non-solvent in which nitrocellulose(NC)has been employed as a coating agent.The SEM micrographs revealed distinct features of both pure AN and NC,contrasting with the irregular granular surface topography of the coated AN particles,demonstrating the adherence of NC on the AN surface.Structural analysis via infrared spectroscopy(IR)demonstrated a successful association of AN and NC,with slight shifts observed in IR bands indicating interfacial interactions.Powder X-ray Diffraction(PXRD)analysis further elucidated the structural changes induced by the coating process,revealing that the NC coating altered the crystallization pattern of its pure form.Thermal analysis demonstrates distinct profiles for pure and coated AN,for which the coated sample exhibits a temperature increase and an enthalpy decrease of the room temperature allotropic transition by 6℃,and 36%,respectively.Furthermore,the presence of NC coating alters the intermolecular forces within the composite system,leading to a reduction in melting enthalpy of coated AN by~39%compared to pure AN.The thermal decomposition analysis shows a two-step thermolysis process for coated AN,with a significant increase in the released heat by about 78%accompanied by an increase in the activation barrier of NC and AN thermolysis,demonstrating a stabilized reactivity of the AN-NC particles.These findings highlight the synergistic effect of NC coating on AN particles,which contributed to a structural and reactive stabilization of both AN and NC,proving the potential application of NC-coated AN as a strategically advantageous oxidizer in composite solid propellant formulations.
基金Project(2021YFC2801904)supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProject(KY10100230067)supported by the Basic Product Innovation Research Project,China+3 种基金Projects(52271130,52305344)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(ZR2020ME017,ZR2020QE186)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,ChinaProjects(AMGM2024F11,AMGM2021F10,AMGM2023F06)supported by the Science Fund of Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai,ChinaProject(KY90200210015)supported by Leading Scientific Research Project of China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC),China。
文摘WC particles reinforced CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy(HEA)composite coatings were prepared on Cr12MoV steel successfully by laser cladding technology to improve the wear resistance of substrates.Effect of WC content on microstructure and wear property of the composite coatings was studied in detail.Large numbers of carbides with four main types:primary carbide crystals,eutectic structures,massive crystals growing along the periphery of the remaining WC particles and incompletely fused WC particles,were found to exist in the WC/CoCrFeNiMo composite coatings.With increasing WC content,the microhardness of coatings is gradually improved while the average friction coefficients follow the opposite trend due to solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening effect.The maximum microhardness and minimum friction coefficient are HV_(0.2)689.7 and 0.72,respectively,for the composite coating with 30 wt.%WC,the wear resistance of the substrate is improved significantly,the wear mechanisms are spalling wear and abrasive wear due to their high microhardness.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0206300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2081,22075074,22209047)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515011620)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2024JJ5068)Foundation of Yuelushan Center for Industrial Innovation(2023YCII0119)。
文摘Changes to the microstructure of a hard carbon(HC)and its solid electrolyte interface(SEI)can be effective in improving the electrode kinetics.However,achieving fast charging using a simple and inexpensive strategy without sacrificing its initial Coulombic efficiency remains a challenge in sodium ion batteries.A simple liquid-phase coating approach has been used to generate a pitch-derived soft carbon layer on the HC surface,and its effect on the porosity of HC and SEI chemistry has been studied.A variety of structural characterizations show a soft carbon coating can increase the defect and ultra-micropore contents.The increase in ultra-micropore comes from both the soft carbon coatings and the larger pores within the HC that are partially filled by pitch,which provides more Na+storage sites.In-situ FTIR/EIS and ex-situ XPS showed that the soft carbon coating induced the formation of thinner SEI that is richer in NaF from the electrolyte,which stabilized the interface and promoted the charge transfer process.As a result,the anode produced fastcharging(329.8 mAh g^(−1)at 30 mA g^(−1)and 198.6 mAh g^(−1)at 300 mA g^(−1))and had a better cycling performance(a high capacity retention of 81.4%after 100 cycles at 150 mA g^(−1)).This work reveals the critical role of coating layer in changing the pore structure,SEI chemistry and diffusion kinetics of hard carbon,which enables rational design of sodium-ion battery anode with enhanced fast charging capability.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12002196,12102140)。
文摘Semiconductors and related fields today hold vast application prospects.The semiconductor wafer fabrication process involves steps such as substrate preparation and epitaxy,which occur in high-temperature corrosive environments.Consequently,components like crucibles,susceptors and wafer carriers require carbon-based materials such as graphite and carbon-carbon composites.However,traditional carbon materials underperform in these extreme conditions,failing to effectively address the challenges.This leads to issues including product contamination and shortened equipment lifespan.Therefore,effective protection of carbon materials is crucial.This paper reviews current research status on the preparation methods and properties of corrosion-resistant coatings within relevant domestic and international fields.Preparation methods include various techniques such as physical vapor deposition(PVD),chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and the sol-gel method.Furthermore,it offers perspectives on future research directions for corrosion-resistant coated components in semiconductor equipment.These include exploring novel coating materials,improving coating preparation processes,enhancing coating corrosion resistance,as well as further investigating the interfacial interactions between coatings and carbon substrates to achieve better adhesion and compatibility.
文摘To improve the oxidation resistance of HfB_(2)-SiC coatings on carbon/carbon composites at 1700°C in air,CeO_(2) was introduced to improve oxygen blocking and its mechanism was investigated.During the rapid oxidation stage,CeO_(2) accelerated the formation of a multiphase glass layer on the coating surface.The maximum oxidation rates of CeO_(2)-HfB2-SiC coatings with 1%,3%,and 5%CeO_(2) were 24.1%,20.3%,and 53.2%higher than that of the unmodified HfB2-SiC coating,respectively.In the stable oxidation stage,the maximum oxidation rates of coatings with 1%and 3%CeO_(2) decreased by 31.4%and 21.9%,respectively,demonstrating adequate inert protection.CeO_(2) is a“coagulant”and“stabilizer”in the composite glass layer.However,increasing the CeO_(2) content accelerates the reaction between the SiO_(2) glass phase and SiC,leading to a higher SiO_(2) consumption and reduced self-healing ability of the glass layer.The 1%CeO_(2)-60%HfB2-39%SiC coating showed improved glass layer viscosity and stability,moderate SiO_(2) consumption,and better self-healing ability,significantly boosting the oxidation protection of the coating.
文摘Graphene oxide (GO) reduced by Stachys lavandulifolia extract (SLE) was produced and characterised. The anti-corrosion behaviour of epoxy coatings containing GO and rGO nanosheets was investigated. FESEM-EDS, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the microstructure and chemical composition of the nanosheets and epoxy coatings. EIS experiment was used to explore the corrosion behaviour of the coatings. The O/C ratio for GO and rGO-SLE was found to be 2.5 and 4.5, indicating a decrease in the carbon content after the reduction of GO, confirming the adsorption of SLE onto the GO nanosheets. The successful reduction of GO in the presence of SLE particles was confirmed by disappearing the C=O peak and a significant decrease in the C-O-C bond intensity. The epoxy/rGO- SLE coatings exhibited the highest double-layer thickness and excellent corrosion resistance compared to neat epoxy and epoxy/GO coatings, emphasizing the significant role of rGO in enhancing the protective performance of epoxy coatings. The highest values for total charge transfer and film resistances and the inhibition efficiency were observed to be 6529 Ω·cm^(2) and 90%, respectively, for the epoxy/rGO-SLE coated steel plate. It was also found that the epoxy/0.15 wt.% rGO-SLE coating demonstrates the best corrosion resistance performance.
基金Projects(52171003,52271005)supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of ChinaProject(KYCX23_3032)supported by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China。
文摘In the process of protecting ferrous materials,aluminum coating usually forms a dense oxide film on the surface of the iron-based alloy.However,the capacity of the sacrificial anode is rather insufficient.In order to solve this problem,the microstructure and electrochemical corrosion properties of Al-8Si-3Fe-xIn alloy under low chlorine conditions were studied.The results show that indium(In)dissolves to form In^(3+)and In^(+)reverse plating on the surface of the bare substrate to form a passivation film defect.When the In content is high,the segregated In forms an activation point in the form of a cathode phase.In activatesτ_(6)phase to form a micro-couple,which improves the non-uniform corrosion.The In-containing corrosion products at the phase boundary hinder the diffusion of Cl−.With an increase of In content,the self-corrosion potential(Ecorr)of the alloy shifts negatively,and the self-corrosion current density(Jcorr)decreases from 6.477μA/cm^(2)to 1.352μA/cm^(2),and then increases gradually.However,when the In content is 0.1%,the Ecorr of the alloy changes from−0.824 V to−0.932 V,and the Jcorr decreases from 6.477μA/cm^(2)to 4.699μA/cm^(2),suggesting that the use of sacrificial anode will give the best effect.
基金Project(52073311) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2023A0505010011) supported by the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Innovation Field Research Foundation,ChinaProject(2021A1515012281) supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China。
文摘Preparing multifunctional coatings with both anti-corrosion and anti-biofouling properties is crucial.Copper has been in the spotlight as an effective biocide,especially in the recent past concerning its impact on causing environmental hazards.Reducing the amount used and increasing its efficiency have become the focus of researchers.The hybridization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(NPs)with copper metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)can significantly improve antimicrobial performance due to its photocatalytic properties.Composites(TiO_(2)-Cu-BTC)of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and copper 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate acid(Cu-BTC),obtained by three up-sampling methods,namely hydrothermal,mechanical stirring,and in-situ growth,were doped into epoxy resin(TiO_(2)-Cu-BTC/EP)to enhance its anticorrosion and antifouling properties.The loaded forms were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and confirmed using Fourier infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy.The lethality of the composite coating against Escherichia coli(E.coli)increased by 12%after 3 h of exposure to light,and the impedance value increased by 1×1010Ω.The efficiency of the coating was greatly improved.
文摘Because of an unfortunate mistake by authors,the Project(5227010679)of Foundation item was wrong.The corrected Project is shown as follows:Project(52271073).
基金Projects(42106051,42006046,U2106206) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(22373501D) supported by Hebei Provincial Key R&D Program,China。
文摘Copper is a versatile material,commonly utilized in power transmission and electronic devices,but its relative high reactivity necessitates a long-lasting protective technique.Here,we report a method that combines plasma-enhanced non-equilibrium magnetron sputtering physical vapor deposition(PEUMS-PVD)and anodization to construct a self-healing three-dimensional Ti/Al-doped TiO_(2)nanotubes/Ti_(3)AlC_(2)coating on the surface of Cu substrates.This novel strategy enhances the corrosion resistance of copper substrates in marine environments,with corrosion current densities of up to 4.5643×10^(−8)A/cm^(2).Among them,the doping of nano-aluminum particles makes the coating self-healing.The mechanistic analysis of the corrosion behaviors during early immersion experiments was conducted using electrochemical noise,and revealed that during the initial stages of coating immersion,uniform corrosion predominates,with a minor occurrence of localized corrosion.
文摘In the development of rechargeable lithium ion batteries(LIBs),silicon anodes have attracted much attention because of their extremely high theoretical capacity,relatively low Li-insertion voltage and the availability of silicon resources.However,their large volume expansion and fragile solid electrolyte interface(SEI)film hinder their commercial application.To solve these problems,Si has been combined with various carbon materials to increase their structural stability and improve their interface properties.The use of different carbon materials,such as amorphous carbon and graphite,as three-dimensional(3D)protective anode coatings that help buffer mechanical strain and isolate the electrolyte is detailed,and novel methods for applying the coatings are outlined.However,carbon materials used as a protective layer still have some disadvantages,necessitating their modification.Recent developments have focused on modifying the protective carbon shells,and substitutes for the carbon have been suggested.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21805139,12102194 and 22005144)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2141202)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30921011203)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS Program,2021QNRC001)。
文摘Ammonium dinitramide(ADN),which has the advantages of high energy density,no halogen and low characteristic signal,is not only considered as a new high-energy oxidizer that is expected to replace the traditional oxidizer ammonium perchlorate(AP)in solid propellants,but also a good performance explosive in itself.However,due to the strong hygroscopicity of ADN,its application in solid propellants and explosives is greatly limited.Solving the hygroscopicity of ADN is the key to realize the wide application of ADN.In this paper,we systematically review the research progress of anti-hygroscopic strategies of ADN coating.The surface coating methods are focusing on solvent volatilization,solvent-non-solvent,melt crystallization and atomic layer deposition technology.The characteristics of the different methods are compared and analyzed,and the basis for the classification and selection of the coating materials are introduced in detail.In addition,the feasibility of material for surface coating of ADN is evaluated by several compatibility analysis methods.It is highly expected that the liquid phase method(solvent volatilization method,solvent-non-solvent method)would be the promising method for future ADN coating because of its effective,safety and facile operation.Furthermore,polymer materials,are the preferred coating materials due to their high viscosity,easy adhesion,good anti-hygroscopic effect,and heat resistance,which make ADN weak hygroscopicity,less sensitive,easier to preserve and good compatibility.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12393830)。
文摘We report on the performance improvement of long-wave infrared quantum cascade lasers(LWIR QCLs)by studying and optimizing the anti-reflection(AR)optical facet coating.Compared to the Al2O3 AR coat⁃ing,the Y_(2)O_(3)AR coating exhibits higher catastrophic optical mirror damage(COMD)level,and the optical facet coatings of both material systems have no beam steering effect.A 3-mm-long,9.5-μm-wide buried-heterostruc⁃ture(BH)LWIR QCL ofλ~8.5μm with Y_(2)O_(3)metallic high-reflection(HR)and AR of~0.2%reflectivity coating demonstrates a maximum pulsed peak power of 2.19 W at 298 K,which is 149%higher than that of the uncoated device.For continuous-wave(CW)operation,by optimizing the reflectivity of the Y_(2)O_(3)AR coating,the maximum output power reaches 0.73 W,which is 91%higher than that of the uncoated device.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant Nos.U20B2018,U21B2086,11972087)。
文摘A novel design of micro-aluminum(μAl)powder coated with bi-/tri-component alloy layer,such as:Ni-P and Ni-P-Cu(namely,Al@Ni-P,Al@Ni-P-Cu,respectively),as combustion catalysts,were introduced to release its huge energy inside Al-core and promote rapid pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorate(AP)at a lower temperature in aluminized propellants.The microstructure of Al@Ni-P-Cu demonstrates that a three-layer Ni-P-Cu shell,with the thickness of~100 nm,is uniformly supported byμAl carrier(fuel unit),which has an amorphous surface with a thickness of~2.3 nm(catalytic unit).The peak temperature of AP with the addition of Al@Ni-P-Cu(3.5%)could significantly drop to 316.2℃ at high-temperature thermal decomposition,reduced by 124.3℃,in comparison to that of pure AP with 440.5℃.It illustrated that the introduction of Al@Ni-P-Cu could weaken or even eliminate the obstacle of AP pyrolysis due to its reduction of activation energy with 118.28 kJ/mol.The laser ignition results showed that the ignition delay time of Al@Ni-P-Cu/AP mixture with 78 ms in air is shorter than that of Al@Ni-P/AP(118 ms),decreased by 33.90%.Those astonishing breakthroughs were attributed to the synergistic effects of adequate active sites on amorphous surface and oxidation exothermic reactions(7597.7 J/g)of Al@Ni-P-Cu,resulting in accelerated mass and/or heat transfer rate to catalyze AP pyrolysis and combustion.Moreover,it is believed to provide an alternative Al-based combustion catalyst for propellant designer,to promote the development the propellants toward a higher energy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.22005143)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (Grant No.2022QNRC001)。
文摘To achieve the controllable release of energy of nitrocellulose-based propellants,this paper combines the cellulose-based nanocomposites aqueous coating(Surelease®-NC)with fluidized bed coating equipment to successfully prepare the coated spherical propellant for the first time.The effects of fluidized bed coating temperature,air velocity,flow speed and atomization pressure on the adhesion rate,coating integrity and coating uniformity of the coated spherical propellant were investigated,and the preparation of coated spherical propellant with homogeneous size and structural integrity was achieved for the first time.The microscopic morphology,chemical structure,water vapor adsorption behavior,combustion performance,and ageing resistance property of the coated spherical propellant were systematically investigated by,Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Micro confocal raman spectrometer,field scanning electron microscopy(SEM),dynamic vapor adsorption techniques,and closed bomb test,confirming the surface core-shell structure and the tightly bonded interfacial structure of coated spherical propellant.Meanwhile,the coated spherical propellant has good hygroscopic,excellent progressive burning and long storage stability.
基金Projects(42076039,42106042)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(202165004)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(JC12022106)supported by 2022 Innovation Project for Young Scientific and Technological Talents in Basic Science Research,China。
文摘In this paper,1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate([BMIM]BF4)is used as corrosion inhibitor.Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)is used to load the corrosion inhibitor.PAN/[BMIM]BF4 hybrid nanofibers are successfullysynthesized by electrospinning technology.The alkyd varnish is coated on the fiber membrane to prepare a compositecoating,and then a series of tests are carried out on the self-healing and anticorrosive performance of the compositecoating.It is observed by scanning electron microscope that the fiber morphology is stable and there is no bead-likestructure.The composition of the composite fiber is analyzed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy,and it is confirmed thatthe hybrid nanofiber was successfully prepared.3D laser confocal scanning microscope was used to observe thecorrosion morphology and profile of the carbon steel.The composite coating shows good self-healing performance.[BMIM]BF4 can form a protective film on the surface of the bare carbon steel substrate through physical adsorption orchemical adsorption in an alkaline environment.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was tested and analyzed.It isfound that the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of the coating is 88.5%in 3.5 wt.%alkaline NaCl solution.Compared with the blank coating without nanofibers,the composite fiber varnish composite coating exhibits good selfhealingand anti-corrosion properties.
基金Project(50604018) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Alumina coated LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles were obtained by a simple method of solid state reaction at room temperature. The reaction mechanism of solid state reaction at room temperature was investigated. The structure and morphology of the coating materials were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM. The electrochemical performances of uncoated and Al2O3-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials were studied within a voltage window of 3.00?4.35 V at current density of 30 mA/g. SEM, TEM and EDS analytical results indicate that the surface of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles is coated with very fine Al2O3 composite, which leads to the improved cycle ability though a slight decrease in the first discharge capacity is observed. It is proposed that surface treatment by solid state reaction at room temperature is a simple and effective method to improve the cycle performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 particles.
基金Project(42076039)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(ZR2020ME016)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,ChinaProject(202165004)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘Herein,a novel composite coating with excellent self-healing and corrosion resistance activated byphotothermal responsive hollow core-shell nanofillers was developed.A photothermal nanofiller(Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3))with ahollow core-shell structure was synthesized and then added to polyurethane(PU)to prepare PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)compositecoating.Applying 808 nm near-infrared irradiation induces a photothermal effect in Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3),which subsequentlyinitiates the reconstruction of reversible hydrogen bonds,facilitating the self-healing of coating scratches.The excellentphotothermal self-healing performance of PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating was demonstrated by scratch tests and moleculardynamics simulations.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results showed that the PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating has good self-healing and anti-corrosion properties.The low-frequency impedance modulus of the coating afterthree self-healing sessions was still close to 109Ω·cm^(2)after 30 d of immersion in seawater.This study provides a newstrategy for developing multi-cycle self-healing coatings triggered by photothermal effects.
基金Project(U2106216)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘In this manuscript,the neat epoxy(EP)and functionalized Fe_(3)O_(4)(G-Fe_(3)O_(4))reinforced epoxy(G-Fe_(3)O_(4)/EP)coatings were cured under different temperatures,and the effect of the low curing temperature on the anticorrosion performance was investigated.The experimental results show that the epoxy-amine ring-open addition reaction mainly exists in the curing process,and the activation energies of the reaction for the two coatings are 55.84 and 53.29 kJ/mol,respectively.For the coatings cured at the low temperature,almost no pores could be detected on the fracture surface,but the presentence of the rough regions reflects the poor curing state.As compared with the samples cured at the high temperature,the anticorrosion performance of the coatings with the low curing temperature is worse,and the decrease rate of the anticorrosion performance is slower,because of the poor curing state and low adhesion obtained at the low temperature.
文摘The chemical compound 3-(N-ethylamino)isobutyl)trimethoxysilane(EAMS)modified titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),producing EAMS-TiO_(2),which was encased in graphitic carbon nitride(GCN)and integrated into epoxy resin(EP).The protective properties of mild steel coated with this nanocomposite in a marine environment were assessedusing electrochemical techniques.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and Cone calorimetry tests demonstrated thatGCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)significantly enhanced the flame retardancy of the epoxy coating,reducing peak heat release rate(PHRR)and total heat release(THR)values by 88%and 70%,respectively,compared to pure EP.Salt spray testsindicated reduced water absorption and improved corrosion resistance.The optimal concentration of 0.6 wt%GCNEAMS/TiO_(2)yielded the highest resistance,with the nanocomposite achieving a coating resistance of 7.50×10^(10)Ω·cm^(2)after 28 d in seawater.The surface resistance of EP-GCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)was over 99.9 times higher than pure EP after onehour in seawater.SECM analysis showed the lowest ferrous ion dissipation(1.0 nA)for EP-GCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)coatedsteel.FE-SEM and EDX analyses revealed improved breakdown products and a durable inert nanolayered covering.Thenanocomposite exhibited excellent water resistance(water contact angle of 167°)and strong mechanical properties,withadhesive strength increasing to 18.3 MPa after 28 d in seawater.EP-GCN/EAMS-TiO_(2)shows potential as a coatingmaterial for the shipping industry.
