为分析在我国现有能源结构下发展氢燃料电池重卡相比传统能源重卡有何优势,本文基于生命周期评价方法,利用美国阿贡国家实验室研发的GREET(Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation)模型,采用控制变量...为分析在我国现有能源结构下发展氢燃料电池重卡相比传统能源重卡有何优势,本文基于生命周期评价方法,利用美国阿贡国家实验室研发的GREET(Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation)模型,采用控制变量法对比分析煤制氢和可再生能源制氢路径下的氢燃料电池重卡和柴油重卡的全生命周期空气污染物气体排放情况,并对可能影响车辆排放的因素进行敏感性分析,最后以榆林市重卡车队为例进行车队替换模型分析。模拟结果表明:采用可再生能源制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡相比柴油重卡平均减少了68.74%的各类空气污染物排放;采用煤制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡在CO、NO_(x)和CO_(2)这3种气体的排放水平均低于柴油重卡;可再生能源发电制氢比普通电解制氢平均减少氢燃料电池重卡92.41%的空气污染物排放;长途氢燃料电池重卡比短途氢燃料电池重卡减少12.57%的空气污染物排放;采取氢燃料电池重卡替换柴油重卡的策略预计到2030年能减少13.77%的车队整体空气污染物排放。本文在公路运输范畴内对氢能重卡的空气污染物排放水平进行分析,为后续氢能重卡的推广提供依据。展开更多
利用美国阿贡国家实验室提出的"从油井到轮胎"(well-to-wheel,WTW)评价体系和交通运输中温室气体排放、排放控制和能源使用(greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation,GREET)交通运输仿真模型...利用美国阿贡国家实验室提出的"从油井到轮胎"(well-to-wheel,WTW)评价体系和交通运输中温室气体排放、排放控制和能源使用(greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation,GREET)交通运输仿真模型,采用控制变量的方法分析了传统汽车和新能源汽车在排放量和能耗方面的区别,同时以4个能源结构差异明显的国家为例,对电动汽车从能耗和排放两个方面进行了环境性方面的分析.从模拟输出数据可以看出,以新能源为主的国家比较适合发展纯电动车,其排放量明显小于以化石能源为主的国家的排放量,可见研究能源结构和电源结构对新能源汽车的环境性影响意义较大,为政府和企业的决策提供了相应的对策和建议.展开更多
随着纯电动公交车在城市公共交通中应用越来越广泛,需要对纯电动公交车和传统柴油公交车进行全生命周期评估,并分析推广纯电动公交的可行性.通过美国阿贡实验室开发的GREET(greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in tra...随着纯电动公交车在城市公共交通中应用越来越广泛,需要对纯电动公交车和传统柴油公交车进行全生命周期评估,并分析推广纯电动公交的可行性.通过美国阿贡实验室开发的GREET(greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation model)软件,充分考虑油井-油泵、公交车运行、车身系统制造、液体系统制造、ADR(装配、报废和回收质量)以及电池制造等6个阶段能耗,结合公交车车型信息和路况信息,构建公交模型,并对公交模型进行能耗模拟、排放物模拟和经济效益评估.结果表明,若车身长度为12 m,车身质量为18 t时,纯电动公交车运行过程能耗仅占其总能耗的31.1%.相较于传统公交车,纯电动公交车全生命周期能耗减少29.1%,全生命周期内VOC、CO、NO_x等污染物排放量分别减少8.7%、36.7%、50.2%,温室气体CO_2的排放量减少19.7%.若公交车队规模为20辆,纯电动公交车使用年限为8 a,则纯电动公交车比例需超过12.7%才能实现盈利,单辆纯电动公交车若实现盈利至少需要3 a.展开更多
On June l, Angolans took to the streets in an outpouring of popular joy to celebrate the signing of peace accords. One day earlier, Angola’s government. and UNITA rebels formally signed an historic accord in Lisbon t...On June l, Angolans took to the streets in an outpouring of popular joy to celebrate the signing of peace accords. One day earlier, Angola’s government. and UNITA rebels formally signed an historic accord in Lisbon to end 16 years of civil war. A powerful volcano spewed torrents of lava, ash and gas over a mountain town in southern Japan on June 4, leaving at least 30 people missing. From June 9 to 14, powerful explosions rocked a Philippine volcano for many times, sending huge mushroom cloud of ash and debris thousands of metres into the sky. Chinese President Yang Shangkun arrived in Indonesia on June 5 at the start of a five-day state visit. Yang was greeted by President Suharto at a red carpet welcoming ceremony held at the Independence Palace. Yang left Indonesia for Bangkok on June 10 for five-day visit to Thailand. He was accorded a grand red carpet welcoming ceremony and greeting by thousands of flagwaving locals. On June 15, he returned to Kunming.展开更多
文学翻译贵在传神,贵在完美地再现原文精神实质。要做到这一点,译者对起始语言(the source language)和终止语言(the target language)不仅要有深厚的文学素养,而且要有高超的驾驭文字的能力。最近学习由杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇合译的《红...文学翻译贵在传神,贵在完美地再现原文精神实质。要做到这一点,译者对起始语言(the source language)和终止语言(the target language)不仅要有深厚的文学素养,而且要有高超的驾驭文字的能力。最近学习由杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇合译的《红楼梦》(The Dream of the Red Mansions),深感译作在这方面堪称楷模。展开更多
文摘为分析在我国现有能源结构下发展氢燃料电池重卡相比传统能源重卡有何优势,本文基于生命周期评价方法,利用美国阿贡国家实验室研发的GREET(Greenhouse gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy use in Transportation)模型,采用控制变量法对比分析煤制氢和可再生能源制氢路径下的氢燃料电池重卡和柴油重卡的全生命周期空气污染物气体排放情况,并对可能影响车辆排放的因素进行敏感性分析,最后以榆林市重卡车队为例进行车队替换模型分析。模拟结果表明:采用可再生能源制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡相比柴油重卡平均减少了68.74%的各类空气污染物排放;采用煤制氢路径的氢燃料电池重卡在CO、NO_(x)和CO_(2)这3种气体的排放水平均低于柴油重卡;可再生能源发电制氢比普通电解制氢平均减少氢燃料电池重卡92.41%的空气污染物排放;长途氢燃料电池重卡比短途氢燃料电池重卡减少12.57%的空气污染物排放;采取氢燃料电池重卡替换柴油重卡的策略预计到2030年能减少13.77%的车队整体空气污染物排放。本文在公路运输范畴内对氢能重卡的空气污染物排放水平进行分析,为后续氢能重卡的推广提供依据。
文摘利用美国阿贡国家实验室提出的"从油井到轮胎"(well-to-wheel,WTW)评价体系和交通运输中温室气体排放、排放控制和能源使用(greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation,GREET)交通运输仿真模型,采用控制变量的方法分析了传统汽车和新能源汽车在排放量和能耗方面的区别,同时以4个能源结构差异明显的国家为例,对电动汽车从能耗和排放两个方面进行了环境性方面的分析.从模拟输出数据可以看出,以新能源为主的国家比较适合发展纯电动车,其排放量明显小于以化石能源为主的国家的排放量,可见研究能源结构和电源结构对新能源汽车的环境性影响意义较大,为政府和企业的决策提供了相应的对策和建议.
文摘随着纯电动公交车在城市公共交通中应用越来越广泛,需要对纯电动公交车和传统柴油公交车进行全生命周期评估,并分析推广纯电动公交的可行性.通过美国阿贡实验室开发的GREET(greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation model)软件,充分考虑油井-油泵、公交车运行、车身系统制造、液体系统制造、ADR(装配、报废和回收质量)以及电池制造等6个阶段能耗,结合公交车车型信息和路况信息,构建公交模型,并对公交模型进行能耗模拟、排放物模拟和经济效益评估.结果表明,若车身长度为12 m,车身质量为18 t时,纯电动公交车运行过程能耗仅占其总能耗的31.1%.相较于传统公交车,纯电动公交车全生命周期能耗减少29.1%,全生命周期内VOC、CO、NO_x等污染物排放量分别减少8.7%、36.7%、50.2%,温室气体CO_2的排放量减少19.7%.若公交车队规模为20辆,纯电动公交车使用年限为8 a,则纯电动公交车比例需超过12.7%才能实现盈利,单辆纯电动公交车若实现盈利至少需要3 a.
文摘On June l, Angolans took to the streets in an outpouring of popular joy to celebrate the signing of peace accords. One day earlier, Angola’s government. and UNITA rebels formally signed an historic accord in Lisbon to end 16 years of civil war. A powerful volcano spewed torrents of lava, ash and gas over a mountain town in southern Japan on June 4, leaving at least 30 people missing. From June 9 to 14, powerful explosions rocked a Philippine volcano for many times, sending huge mushroom cloud of ash and debris thousands of metres into the sky. Chinese President Yang Shangkun arrived in Indonesia on June 5 at the start of a five-day state visit. Yang was greeted by President Suharto at a red carpet welcoming ceremony held at the Independence Palace. Yang left Indonesia for Bangkok on June 10 for five-day visit to Thailand. He was accorded a grand red carpet welcoming ceremony and greeting by thousands of flagwaving locals. On June 15, he returned to Kunming.
文摘文学翻译贵在传神,贵在完美地再现原文精神实质。要做到这一点,译者对起始语言(the source language)和终止语言(the target language)不仅要有深厚的文学素养,而且要有高超的驾驭文字的能力。最近学习由杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇合译的《红楼梦》(The Dream of the Red Mansions),深感译作在这方面堪称楷模。
