The significant threat of wildfires to forest ecology and biodiversity,particularly in tropical and subtropical regions,underscores the necessity for advanced predictive models amidst shifting climate patterns.There i...The significant threat of wildfires to forest ecology and biodiversity,particularly in tropical and subtropical regions,underscores the necessity for advanced predictive models amidst shifting climate patterns.There is a need to evaluate and enhance wildfire prediction methods,focusing on their application during extended periods of intense heat and drought.This study reviews various wildfire modelling approaches,including traditional physical,semi-empirical,numerical,and emerging machine learning(ML)-based models.We critically assess these models’capabilities in predicting fire susceptibility and post-ignition spread,highlighting their strengths and limitations.Our findings indicate that while traditional models provide foundational insights,they often fall short in dynamically estimating parameters and predicting ignition events.Cellular automata models,despite their potential,face challenges in data integration and computational demands.Conversely,ML models demonstrate superior efficiency and accuracy by leveraging diverse datasets,though they encounter interpretability issues.This review recommends hybrid modelling approaches that integrate multiple methods to harness their combined strengths.By incorporating data assimilation techniques with dynamic forecasting models,the predictive capabilities of ML-based predictions can be significantly enhanced.This review underscores the necessity for continued refinement of these models to ensure their reliability in real-world applications,ultimately contributing to more effective wildfire mitigation and management strategies.Future research should focus on improving hybrid models and exploring new data integration methods to advance predictive capabilities.展开更多
Forest planning involves estimating the biomass of species present in the area.Two fundamental parameters are diameter and height through which it is possible to indirectly estimate of biomass present.Digitalisation o...Forest planning involves estimating the biomass of species present in the area.Two fundamental parameters are diameter and height through which it is possible to indirectly estimate of biomass present.Digitalisation of forestry operations,such as forest planning,is crucial and should be affordable and easy-to-use digital applications and open-source devices.A digital progressive web application(PWA)was designed to record measurements.The app was connected via bluetoot to an open-source IoT digital forestry caliper prototyped by modifying a commercial tree caliper.An economic analysis was carried out considering all costs necessary for the development and operation of the app on smartphones and the preparation of electronic means for creation of the digital caliper.A comparison was made between costs of detecting tree diameters through application of the technology developed compared to costs calculated by applying the use of a dendrometric caliper(three technological levels were considered:L1,L2 and L3).The PWA allowed for easy data entry and viewing,maps and tree densities.The open-source digital caliper showed accuracy and precision comparable with similar commercial devices(1.5%±0.9%and 0.0%±0.9%,respectively).Total time per operator was lower using the digital caliper.From an economic perspective,application of the digital technology was more sustainable than the traditional system.Use of the digital caliper in combination with the web application optimizes detection time of a single tree,and therefore decreases overall cost.展开更多
Effective wildland fire management requires real-time access to comprehensive and distilled information from different data sources.The Digital Twin technology becomes a promising tool in optimizing the processes of w...Effective wildland fire management requires real-time access to comprehensive and distilled information from different data sources.The Digital Twin technology becomes a promising tool in optimizing the processes of wildfire pre-vention,monitoring,disaster response,and post-fire recovery.This review examines the potential utility of Digital Twin in wildfire management and aims to inspire further exploration and experimentation by researchers and practitioners in the fields of environment,forestry,fire ecology,and firefighting services.By creating virtual replicas of wildfire in the physical world,a Digital Twin platform facilitates data integration from multiple sources,such as remote sensing,weather forecast-ing,and ground-based sensors,providing a holistic view of emergency response and decision-making.Furthermore,Digital Twin can support simulation-based training and scenario testing for prescribed fire planning and firefighting to improve preparedness and response to evacuation and rescue.Successful applications of Digital Twin in wildfire management require horizontal collaboration among researchers,practitioners,and stakeholders,as well as enhanced resource sharing and data exchange.This review seeks a deeper understanding of future wildland fire management from a technological perspective and inspiration of future research and implementation.Further research should focus on refining and validating Digital Twin models and the integration into existing fire management operations,and then demonstrating them in real wildland fires.展开更多
In recent years,forest therapy has become a popular method for improving human health.However,guided forest therapy is not always easily accessible,and forest walking is a more convenient and feasible alterna-tive.The...In recent years,forest therapy has become a popular method for improving human health.However,guided forest therapy is not always easily accessible,and forest walking is a more convenient and feasible alterna-tive.Therefore,it is important to determine whether forest walking has the same effect as guided forest therapy.To investigate this,we conducted a campus forest-based study in which 247 university students were randomly assigned to participate in either forest walking or guided forest therapy activities.The study measured physical and psychological interventions in participants,while controlling for the inten-sity of physical activity.The findings indicated that both approaches were effective in promoting stress relief and physical and mental recovery among university students.No significant difference in effectiveness was observed between the two approaches.Furthermore,we constructed a mediation model that combines the biophilia hypothesis,stress reduction theory,and attention restoration theory to investigate the psychological mechanisms underlying the restorative effects of forest activities.Our findings indi-cate that an increase in nature connectedness significantly predicts a reduction in state anxiety.This effect is medi-ated by perceived restorativeness and a combination chain of mediators from perceived restorativeness to mood.This study presents a justification for selecting forest walking as a means of stress relief when guided forest therapy is unavail-able.Additionally,it enhances our comprehension of how forests contribute to the restorative effects experienced by individuals.展开更多
Root tips are the main components of absorptive fine roots,but their seasonal dynamics and relationship to environmental factors remain unclear due to the difficulties in methodology.In this study,we explored the temp...Root tips are the main components of absorptive fine roots,but their seasonal dynamics and relationship to environmental factors remain unclear due to the difficulties in methodology.In this study,we explored the temporal patterns of root-tip production and mortality in monoculture plantations of five temperate tree species at a common site in northeastern China,and identified the general environmental controls on such processes.We made monthly in-situ assessments of root tip length(RTL)production and mortality in two hardwood and three coniferous species with a minirhizotron(MR)method during the growing seasons of 2008 and 2009.Air temperature,rainfall,soil temperature and water content at 10 cm depth were determined concurrently.RTL production in all species exhibited consistent peaks in summer(June–August)in two growing seasons.RTL mortality showed substantial interannual and interspecific variability,with peaks in autumn and winter in 2008,but various patterns in 2009.RTL production positively correlated with monthly soil and air temperature across all species,and with monthly rainfall in three coniferous species.However,there was no significant correlation between RTL production and soil water content.By contrast,RTL mortality was weakly related to environmental factors,showing positive correlations with soil temperature in Korean spruce,and with rainfall in Korean pine and Korean spruce.Our findings suggest that the seasonal patterns of RTL production are convergent across the five temperate tree species due to the overlapped distribution of heat and rainfall,which can conduce roots to maximizing the acquisition of nutrient resources in the soil.展开更多
Correlating tree-ring parameters with daily resolved climate data is becoming increasingly common for understanding the complex relationships between tree growth and the surrounding environment.However,with an increas...Correlating tree-ring parameters with daily resolved climate data is becoming increasingly common for understanding the complex relationships between tree growth and the surrounding environment.However,with an increased number of calculated correlations,there is an inherent risk of spurious significance.In this study,we present an analysis using synthetic weather and tree-ring data mimicking the statistical properties of ten real-world sites across Europe to quantify the extent to which numerous comparisons may inflate maximum correlations.Comparisons of different tree-ring proxies,considering varying overlapping period lengths and seasons,revealed 95th percentile correlation differences reaching 0.25 by chance.Using synthetic tree-ring chronologies with an assigned non-signal(r=0.00),spurious correlations can reach statistical significance in over 60%of tests.Correlation inflation is greater when:(1)the climate-proxy relationship is weaker;(2)comparison periods are shorter;and(3)the length of seasonal windows is longer.Autocorrelation in the proxy records does not appear to have a major effect.These findings indicate that caution should be exercised when computing high numbers of correlations with limited observations.We provide tables listing correlation inflations for precipitation-and temperature-sensitive tree-ring chronologies that can inform interpretations of significance.展开更多
The sap flow method is widely used to estimate forest transpiration.However,at the individual tree level it has spatiotemporal variations due to the impacts of environmental conditions and spatial relationships among ...The sap flow method is widely used to estimate forest transpiration.However,at the individual tree level it has spatiotemporal variations due to the impacts of environmental conditions and spatial relationships among trees.Therefore,an in-depth understanding of the coupling effects of these factors is important for designing sap flow measurement methods and performing accurate assessments of stand scale transpiration.This study is based on observations of sap flux density(SF_(d))of nine sample trees with different Hegyi’s competition indices(HCIs),soil moisture,and meteorological conditions in a pure plantation of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii during the 2021 growing season(May to September).A multifactorial model of sap flow was developed and possible errors in the stand scale sap flow estimates associated with sample sizes were determined using model-based predictions of sap flow.Temporal variations are controlled by vapour pressure deficit(VPD),solar radiation(R),and soil moisture,and these relationships can be described by polynomial or saturated exponential functions.Spatial(individual)differences were influenced by the HCI,as shown by the decaying power function.A simple SF_(d)model at the individual tree level was developed to describe the synergistic influences of VPD,R,soil moisture,and HCI.The coefficient of variations(CV)of the sap flow estimates gradually stabilized when the sample size was>10;at least six sample trees were needed if the CV was within 10%.This study improves understanding of the mechanisms of spatiotemporal variations in sap flow at the individual tree level and provides a new methodology for determining the optimal sample size for sap flow measurements.展开更多
This study examined the EAG(Electroantennogram)responses of Stilpnotia candida to a mix of host plant volatiles and to provide a foundation for the development of plant-derived attractants.During the peak period of ad...This study examined the EAG(Electroantennogram)responses of Stilpnotia candida to a mix of host plant volatiles and to provide a foundation for the development of plant-derived attractants.During the peak period of adult eclosion,gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyzed and identified the volatiles emitted by Populus×beijingensis found in Xizang.Based on the preliminary EAG experiments and the GC‒MS results,a blending scheme was developed.EAG and Y-tube-olfactometry were employed to measure the electrophysiological and behavioural responses of unmated males and females 24 h after eclosion 10 blends of volatiles derived from five host plants.The GC–MS analysis revealed 22 volatile compounds from Populus×beijingensis leaves,composed of esters,hydrocarbons,terpenoids,alcohols,phenols,and ether.The results indicated that all 10 blending schemes produced EAG responses in mature S.candida.The concentration thresholds were between 1 and 10μg·μL^(-1),above the optimal concentration,and a corresponding decrease in EAG was observed.According to intergroup comparisons,mature S.candida had more pronounced EAG responses.Under different concentrations,there were significant differences in the EAG from male and female S.candida to each blending scheme.Behavioural response tests indicated that schemes 2,7,and 8 exhibited significantly greater attractiveness to adult S.candida.The combined results from the EAG and behavioral response experiments demonstrated that unmated male and female adult S.candida have varying degrees of sensitivity to the volatile compounds from the 10 blending schemes specific to Xizangan Populus×beijingensis.Schemes 2,7,and 8 showed robust EAG responses and attractive behavioural responses to both male and female adult S.candida.展开更多
The scientific assessment of ecosystem ser-vice value(ESV)plays a critical role in regional ecologi-cal protection and management,rational land use planning,and the establishment of ecological security barriers.The ec...The scientific assessment of ecosystem ser-vice value(ESV)plays a critical role in regional ecologi-cal protection and management,rational land use planning,and the establishment of ecological security barriers.The ecosystem service value of the Northeast Forest Belt from 2005 to 2020 was assessed,focusing on spatial–temporal changes and the driving forces behind these dynamics.Using multi-source data,the equivalent factor method,and geo-graphic detectors,we analyzed natural and socio-economic factors affecting the region.which was crucial for effective ecological conservation and land-use planning.Enhanced the effectiveness of policy formulation and land use plan-ning.The results show that the ESV of the Northeast Forest Belt exhibits an overall increasing trend from 2005 to 2020,with forests and wetlands contributing the most.However,there are significant differences between forest belts.Driven by natural and socio-economic factors,the ESV of forest belts in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces showed significant growth.In contrast,the ESV of Forest Belts in Liaoning and Inner Mongolia of China remains relatively stable,but the spatial differentiation within these regions is characterized by significant clustering of high-value and low-value areas.Furthermore,climate regulation and hydrological regulation services were identified as the most important ecological functions in the Northeast Forest Belt,contributing greatly to regional ecological stability and human well-being.The ESV in the Northeast Forest Belt is improved during the study period,but the stability of the ecosystem is still chal-lenged by the dual impacts of natural and socio-economic factors.To further optimize regional land use planning and ecological protection policies,it is recommended to prior-itize the conservation of high-ESV areas,enhance ecological restoration efforts for wetlands and forests,and reasonably control the spatial layout of urban expansion and agricul-tural development.Additionally,this study highlights the importance of tailored ecological compensation policies and strategic land-use planning to balance environmental protec-tion and economic growth.展开更多
Temperate woodland vegetation is initially determined by spatiotemporal and historical factors,mediated by complex biotic interactions.However,catastrophic events such as disease outbreaks(e.g.,sweet chestnut blight,a...Temperate woodland vegetation is initially determined by spatiotemporal and historical factors,mediated by complex biotic interactions.However,catastrophic events such as disease outbreaks(e.g.,sweet chestnut blight,ash dieback),infestations of insect pests,and human-accelerated climate change can create canopy gaps due to systematic decline in,or loss of,tree species that was once an important part of the canopy.Resultant cascade effects have the potential to alter the composition of woodland ecosystems quickly and radically,but inherent lag times make primary research into these effects challenging.Here,we explore change in woodland vegetation at 10 sites in response to canopy opening using the Elm Decline,a rapid loss of Ulmus in woodlands across northwestern Europe~5800 years ago that coexisted alongside other stressors such as increasing human activity,as a palaeoecological analogue.For arboreal taxa,community evenness significantly decreased,within-site turnover significantly increased,and richness remained unchanged.Changes in arboreal taxa were highly site-specific but there was a substantial decline in woody climbing taxa,especially Hedera(ivy),across the majority of sites.For shrub taxa,richness significantly increased but evenness and turnover remained consistent.Interestingly,however,there was a significant increase in abundance of shrubs at 70%of sites,including Calluna(heather),Ilex(holly)and Corylus(hazel),suggesting structural change.Surprisingly,there was no change in richness,evenness or turnover for herb taxa,possibly because change was highly variable spatially.However,there was a marked uptick in the disturbance indicator Plantago(plantain).Overall,these findings suggest that woodlands with sustained reduction in,or loss of,a tree species that once formed an important part of the canopy has profound,but often spatially idiosyncratic,impacts on vegetation diversity(richness),composition(evenness),stability(turnover),and on abundance of specific taxa,especially within the shrub layer.Use of this palaeoecological analogue,which was itself complicated by cooccurring changes in human activity,provides a valuable empirical insight into possible cascade effects of similar change in canopy opening in contemporary settings,including Ash Dieback.展开更多
Based on the survey data of nine primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest plots ranging from 1 to 10.4 ha in Heilongjiang Province,this study used the moving window method and GIS technology to analyze the variation ...Based on the survey data of nine primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest plots ranging from 1 to 10.4 ha in Heilongjiang Province,this study used the moving window method and GIS technology to analyze the variation characteristics of the spatial distribution pattern of forest biomass in each plot.We explored the minimum area that can reflect the structural and functional characteristics of the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest,and used computer simulation random sampling method to verify the accuracy of the minimum area.The results showed that:(1)Through the analysis of the spatial distribution raster map of biomass deviation in the plots at various scales of 10−100 m,there is a minimum area(0.64 ha)for the critical range of biomass density variation in the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest.This minimum area based on biomass density can indirectly reflect the comprehensive characteristics of productivity level per unit area,structure,function,and environmental quality of the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest community.(2)Using computer simulation random sampling,it was found that only by sampling in a specific plot larger than or equal to the minimum area can equivalent or similar results be achieved as random sampling within the plot,indicating that the minimum area determined by the moving window method is accurate.(3)The minimum area determined in this paper is an excellent indicator reflecting the complexity of community structure,which can be used for comparing changes in community structure and function before and after external disturbances,and has a good evaluation effect.This minimum area can also be used as a basis for scientific and reasonable setting of plot size in the investigation and monitoring work of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in this region,thereby achieving the goals of improving work efficiency and saving work costs.展开更多
Understanding why elements are distributed in tree xylem in a particular way is a significant challenge in dendrochemistry.This study explored a hypothesis that metal elements in the xylem interact due to differences ...Understanding why elements are distributed in tree xylem in a particular way is a significant challenge in dendrochemistry.This study explored a hypothesis that metal elements in the xylem interact due to differences in physical properties such as ionic radius and ionization potential.Scots pine in an even-aged stand established during the early 1970s in eastern Siberia was the study species.Increment cores were taken from the north and south sides of trees and scanned with an X-ray fluorescent multi scanner.With the help of X-ray scanning,the following elements were analyzed:aluminum(Al),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),titanium(Ti),manganese(Mn),iron(Fe),copper(Cu),strontium(Sr)and zinc(Zn).Scanning data on the elements were split into early-wood and late-wood data for each year of growth.The following ratios were analyzed:Ca/Sr,Fe/Ca,Fe/Sr,Al/Cu,Al/Zn,Ti/Mn,and Mn/K.Among these,ones having a consistent pattern across tree rings,the ratios show a more or less dependable relationship:that an element shows a larger decrease(relative another element)that has a larger ionic radius and lower ionization potential.Hypothetically,this may be due to the advantage of an ion with smaller ionic radius and higher ionization potential under a deficit of accommodation centers in organic molecules.An experiment approach should be applied to clarify the relationships.展开更多
Pinus koraiensis(Sieb.et Zucc.)is a conifer-ous tree species naturally distributed in northeastern China.However,the effects of gene flow on its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear.This study investigates t...Pinus koraiensis(Sieb.et Zucc.)is a conifer-ous tree species naturally distributed in northeastern China.However,the effects of gene flow on its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear.This study investigates these dynamics in seven populations using ten microsatellite markers.The results show a high level of genetic diversity within the populations(Ho=0.633,He=0.746).In addi-tion,molecular analysis of variance(AMOVA)shows that 98%of genetic diversity occurs within populations,with minimal differentiation between populations(Fst=0.009–0.033).Gene flow analysis shows significant migration rates between specific population pairs,particularly C-TH(87%),LS-Y(69%)and TH-LS(69%),suggesting genetic homogenization.Bayesian clustering(STRUCTURE)sup-ports admixture and weak population differentiation.Envi-ronmental factors,especially temperature-related variables,significantly influence genetic patterns.Partial Mantel tests and multiple matrix regression show strong correlations between genetic distance and adaptations to cold tempera-tures(bio6 and bio11).Overall,this study emphasizes the robust genetic diversification and high migration rates in the populations of P.koraiensis and highlights their resilience.These results emphasize the importance of incorporating genetic and ecological factors into conservation strategies for sustainable forest management.This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of genetic vari-ation,gene flow and environmental influences in forest tree species and improves our understanding of their adaptive mechanisms.展开更多
Most research on carbon storage in forests has focused on qualitative studies of carbon storage and influ-encing factors rather than on quantifying the effect of the spatial distribution of carbon storage and of its i...Most research on carbon storage in forests has focused on qualitative studies of carbon storage and influ-encing factors rather than on quantifying the effect of the spatial distribution of carbon storage and of its influencing factors at different scales.Here we described the spatial dis-tribution of aboveground carbon storage(ACS)in a 20-ha plot in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to evalu-ate and quantify the relative effects of biotic factors(species diversity and structural diversity)and abiotic factors(soil and topographic factors)on ACS at different scales.Scale effects of the spatial distribution of ACS were significant,with higher variability at smaller scales,but less at larger scales.The distribution was also spatially heterogeneous,with more carbon storage on north-and east-facing slopes than on south-and west-facing slopes.At a smaller scale,species diversity and structural diversity each had a direct positive impact on ACS,but soil factors had no significant direct impact.At increasing scales,topographic and soil fac-tors gradually had a greater direct influence,whereas the influence of species diversity gradually decreased.Structural diversity had the greatest impact,followed by topographic factors and soil factors,while species diversity had a rela-tively smaller impact.These findings suggest studies on ACS in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in southern China should consider scale effects,specifically on the heterogene-ity of ACS distribution at small scales.Studies and conser-vation efforts need to focus on smaller habitat types with particular emphasis on habitat factors such as aspect and soil conditions,which have significant influences on community species diversity,structural diversity,and ACS distribution.展开更多
Climate change is the most severe ecological challenge faced by the world today.Forests,the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems,play a critical role in mitigating climate change due to their powerful carbon s...Climate change is the most severe ecological challenge faced by the world today.Forests,the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems,play a critical role in mitigating climate change due to their powerful carbon sequestration capabilities.Meanwhile,climate change has also become a major factor affecting the sustainable management of forest ecosystems.Climate-Smart Forestry(CSF)is an emerging concept in sustainable forest management.By utilizing advanced technologies,such as information technology and artificial intelligence,CSF aims to develop innovative and proactive forest management methods and decision-making systems to address the challenges of climate change.CSF aims to enhance forest ecosystem resilience(i.e.,maintain a condition where,even when the state of the ecosystem changes,the ecosystem functions do not deteriorate)through climate change adaptation,improve the mitigation capabilities of forest ecosystems to climate change,maintain high,stable,and sustainable forest productivity and ecosystem services,and ultimately achieve harmonious development between humans and nature.This concept paper:(1)discusses the emergence and development of CSF,which integrates Ecological Forestry,Carbon Forestry,and Smart Forestry,and proposes the concept of CSF;(2)analyzes the goals of CSF in improving forest ecosystem stability,enhancing forest ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity,and advocating the application and development of new technologies in CSF,including artificial intelligence,robotics,Light Detection and Ranging,and forest digital twin;(3)presents the latest practices of CSF based on prior research on forest structure and function using new generation information technologies at Qingyuan Forest,China.From these practices and reflections,we suggested the development direction of CSF,including the key research topics and technological advancement.展开更多
A decline in tree growth has occurred in numerous regions over recent decades and is associated with enhanced water deficits driven by climate warming.This phenomenon may be more noticeable at lower latitudes with hig...A decline in tree growth has occurred in numerous regions over recent decades and is associated with enhanced water deficits driven by climate warming.This phenomenon may be more noticeable at lower latitudes with higher temperatures.However,the process by which these elevated temperatures alter growth performance is not well understood.In this study,by combining tree-ring data(including 340 increment cores)and remotely sensed vegetation index data,we investigated the long-term growth performance of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.(Mongolian pine),an important species for afforestation in northern China,in response to environmental factors in an area of introduction(lower latitude)and its native range(higher latitude).More notable decreases in both tree-ring width index(RWI)and basal area increment at breast height coincided with lower values and larger variations in the satellite-derived vegetation index in the area of introduction.The RWI showed stronger negative correlations with temperature and positive correlations with the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index during most months in the introduction area.These results indicate that enhanced drought stress caused by elevated temperatures in lower latitudes might be a key factor for the growth decline in Mongolian pine plantations.The negative impact of increased temperatures on tree growth through exacerbating drought stress at lower latitudes with water deficit highlights the need to reduce water stress in forest management in such areas under climate warming-driven aridification.展开更多
To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to ...To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to determine the correct amount of charcoal for Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi Sarg.)seedling growth by applying oak charcoal to basic soil medium at ratios of 1:1,1:2,1:4 and 1:8 by volume.The second experiment investigated the combined effects of four types of charcoal:derived from oak wood,husks of buckwheat,rice and activated charcoal of larch wood,and two types of ECMF:Pt(Pisolithus tinctorius Pers.)and Ec(Pt+Rhizopogon spp.+Laccaria spp.+Scleroderma spp.)on the growth of Japanese larch seedlings.Our results show that growth was significantly stressed by large amounts charcoal applications.There were significant variations among the four types of charcoal on growth.We concluded that the addition of charcoal was the critical factor that influenced larch growth and ECMF formation.Rice charcoal and Ec stimulates the growth and nitrogen uptake of Japanese larch seedlings,thus the most suitable fungus and charcoal for practices is Ec-rice charcoal(1:8 charcoal to basic soil).展开更多
Pinewood nematode is a devastating forest pathogen and is considered a quarantine organism worldwide.First identified in China 40 years ago,the disease has been spreading since.In response,Chinese authorities have int...Pinewood nematode is a devastating forest pathogen and is considered a quarantine organism worldwide.First identified in China 40 years ago,the disease has been spreading since.In response,Chinese authorities have introduced new requirements for preventing and controlling the disease.This paper proposes a new and highly effective preventive drug,a trunk injection agent usable at normal temperatures.Its use is suggested for localized epidemic areas to reduce diseased and dead trees and as a preventive measure in adjacent non-epidemic areas to prevent the infection from spreading,particularly protecting important and ancient pine trees.展开更多
Glutathione-S-transferase(GST,EC2.5.1.18)multifunctional protease is important for detoxification,defense against biotic and abiotic stresses,and secondary metabolic material transport for plant growth and development...Glutathione-S-transferase(GST,EC2.5.1.18)multifunctional protease is important for detoxification,defense against biotic and abiotic stresses,and secondary metabolic material transport for plant growth and development.In this study,71 members of the BpGST family were identified from the entire Betula platyphylla Suk.genome.Most of the members encode proteins with amino acid lengths ranging from 101 to 875 and were localized to the cytoplasm by a prediction.BpGSTs can be divided into seven subfamilies,with a majority of birch U and F subfamily members according to gene structure,conserved motifs and evolutionary analysis.GST family genes showed collinearity with 22 genes in Oryza sativa L.,and three genes in Arabidopsis thaliana;promoter cis-acting elements predicted that the GST gene family is functional in growth,hormone regulation,and abiotic stress response.Most members of the F subfamily of GST(BpGSTFs)were expressed in roots,stems,leaves,and petioles,with the most expression observed in leaves.On the basis of the expression profiles of F subfamily genes(BpGSTF1 to BpGSTF13)during salt,mannitol and ABA stress,BpGSTF proteins seem to have multiple functions depending on the type of abiotic stress;for instance,BpGSTs may function at different times during abiotic stress.This study enhances understanding of the GST gene family and provides a basis for further exploration of their function in birch.展开更多
There is evidence of climate hormesis(low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition by climate change-related stressors),the adaptive response of cells and organisms to moderate,intermittent stress,at community and ec...There is evidence of climate hormesis(low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition by climate change-related stressors),the adaptive response of cells and organisms to moderate,intermittent stress,at community and ecosystem levels,including forest ecosystems with low levels of climate stressors.However,the role of climate hormesis in carbon sequestration by forests and its effects on global processes in the biosphere remains poorly understood.This paper examines this issue based on data for forests of various biomes.The analysis has shown that soil and vegetation are the main carbon pools in forests,which sequester carbon in humus and woody organic matter.Low dose climate stressors(i.e.,moderate stressors related to climate change),through hormetic stimulation of growth and photosynthesis,can increase forest productivity and carbon sequestration by ensuring long-term carbon conservation in wood.Climate hormesis can potentially enhance soil carbon stocks by increasing carbon runoff from vegetation.This may have a reverse stimulating effect on the productivity of trees by increasing available minerals,especially nitrogen.At the biosphere level,climate hormesis of forest ecosystems may be a mechanism of self-regulation,compensating for or at least restraining the pace of climate change,increasing the chances of biomes and ecosystems for successful adaptation.However,anthropogenic activities disrupt this mechanism and the buffer capacities of forests in the face of climate change,reducing their area,especially primary forests and their biological diversity.This review demonstrates the importance of hormesis for studying the effects of climate stressors on carbon sequestration by forests and may be used to enhance their buffering properties.展开更多
基金funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions.
文摘The significant threat of wildfires to forest ecology and biodiversity,particularly in tropical and subtropical regions,underscores the necessity for advanced predictive models amidst shifting climate patterns.There is a need to evaluate and enhance wildfire prediction methods,focusing on their application during extended periods of intense heat and drought.This study reviews various wildfire modelling approaches,including traditional physical,semi-empirical,numerical,and emerging machine learning(ML)-based models.We critically assess these models’capabilities in predicting fire susceptibility and post-ignition spread,highlighting their strengths and limitations.Our findings indicate that while traditional models provide foundational insights,they often fall short in dynamically estimating parameters and predicting ignition events.Cellular automata models,despite their potential,face challenges in data integration and computational demands.Conversely,ML models demonstrate superior efficiency and accuracy by leveraging diverse datasets,though they encounter interpretability issues.This review recommends hybrid modelling approaches that integrate multiple methods to harness their combined strengths.By incorporating data assimilation techniques with dynamic forecasting models,the predictive capabilities of ML-based predictions can be significantly enhanced.This review underscores the necessity for continued refinement of these models to ensure their reliability in real-world applications,ultimately contributing to more effective wildfire mitigation and management strategies.Future research should focus on improving hybrid models and exploring new data integration methods to advance predictive capabilities.
基金supported by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture,Ministry of Agriculture,Food Sovereignty and Forestry(MASAF),National program sub project Precision Forestry(AgriDigit program)(DM 36509.7305.2018 of 20/12/2018).
文摘Forest planning involves estimating the biomass of species present in the area.Two fundamental parameters are diameter and height through which it is possible to indirectly estimate of biomass present.Digitalisation of forestry operations,such as forest planning,is crucial and should be affordable and easy-to-use digital applications and open-source devices.A digital progressive web application(PWA)was designed to record measurements.The app was connected via bluetoot to an open-source IoT digital forestry caliper prototyped by modifying a commercial tree caliper.An economic analysis was carried out considering all costs necessary for the development and operation of the app on smartphones and the preparation of electronic means for creation of the digital caliper.A comparison was made between costs of detecting tree diameters through application of the technology developed compared to costs calculated by applying the use of a dendrometric caliper(three technological levels were considered:L1,L2 and L3).The PWA allowed for easy data entry and viewing,maps and tree densities.The open-source digital caliper showed accuracy and precision comparable with similar commercial devices(1.5%±0.9%and 0.0%±0.9%,respectively).Total time per operator was lower using the digital caliper.From an economic perspective,application of the digital technology was more sustainable than the traditional system.Use of the digital caliper in combination with the web application optimizes detection time of a single tree,and therefore decreases overall cost.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.52322610)Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme(T22-505/19-N).
文摘Effective wildland fire management requires real-time access to comprehensive and distilled information from different data sources.The Digital Twin technology becomes a promising tool in optimizing the processes of wildfire pre-vention,monitoring,disaster response,and post-fire recovery.This review examines the potential utility of Digital Twin in wildfire management and aims to inspire further exploration and experimentation by researchers and practitioners in the fields of environment,forestry,fire ecology,and firefighting services.By creating virtual replicas of wildfire in the physical world,a Digital Twin platform facilitates data integration from multiple sources,such as remote sensing,weather forecast-ing,and ground-based sensors,providing a holistic view of emergency response and decision-making.Furthermore,Digital Twin can support simulation-based training and scenario testing for prescribed fire planning and firefighting to improve preparedness and response to evacuation and rescue.Successful applications of Digital Twin in wildfire management require horizontal collaboration among researchers,practitioners,and stakeholders,as well as enhanced resource sharing and data exchange.This review seeks a deeper understanding of future wildland fire management from a technological perspective and inspiration of future research and implementation.Further research should focus on refining and validating Digital Twin models and the integration into existing fire management operations,and then demonstrating them in real wildland fires.
基金supported by Forestry discipline innovation team of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(72202200205)Laboratory of Virtual Teaching and Research on Forest Therapy Specialty of Taiwan Strait of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(111TD2104).
文摘In recent years,forest therapy has become a popular method for improving human health.However,guided forest therapy is not always easily accessible,and forest walking is a more convenient and feasible alterna-tive.Therefore,it is important to determine whether forest walking has the same effect as guided forest therapy.To investigate this,we conducted a campus forest-based study in which 247 university students were randomly assigned to participate in either forest walking or guided forest therapy activities.The study measured physical and psychological interventions in participants,while controlling for the inten-sity of physical activity.The findings indicated that both approaches were effective in promoting stress relief and physical and mental recovery among university students.No significant difference in effectiveness was observed between the two approaches.Furthermore,we constructed a mediation model that combines the biophilia hypothesis,stress reduction theory,and attention restoration theory to investigate the psychological mechanisms underlying the restorative effects of forest activities.Our findings indi-cate that an increase in nature connectedness significantly predicts a reduction in state anxiety.This effect is medi-ated by perceived restorativeness and a combination chain of mediators from perceived restorativeness to mood.This study presents a justification for selecting forest walking as a means of stress relief when guided forest therapy is unavail-able.Additionally,it enhances our comprehension of how forests contribute to the restorative effects experienced by individuals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071749)。
文摘Root tips are the main components of absorptive fine roots,but their seasonal dynamics and relationship to environmental factors remain unclear due to the difficulties in methodology.In this study,we explored the temporal patterns of root-tip production and mortality in monoculture plantations of five temperate tree species at a common site in northeastern China,and identified the general environmental controls on such processes.We made monthly in-situ assessments of root tip length(RTL)production and mortality in two hardwood and three coniferous species with a minirhizotron(MR)method during the growing seasons of 2008 and 2009.Air temperature,rainfall,soil temperature and water content at 10 cm depth were determined concurrently.RTL production in all species exhibited consistent peaks in summer(June–August)in two growing seasons.RTL mortality showed substantial interannual and interspecific variability,with peaks in autumn and winter in 2008,but various patterns in 2009.RTL production positively correlated with monthly soil and air temperature across all species,and with monthly rainfall in three coniferous species.However,there was no significant correlation between RTL production and soil water content.By contrast,RTL mortality was weakly related to environmental factors,showing positive correlations with soil temperature in Korean spruce,and with rainfall in Korean pine and Korean spruce.Our findings suggest that the seasonal patterns of RTL production are convergent across the five temperate tree species due to the overlapped distribution of heat and rainfall,which can conduce roots to maximizing the acquisition of nutrient resources in the soil.
基金supported partly by the ERC Advanced Grant Monostar(AdG 882727)the co funded EU project AdAgriF(CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004635).
文摘Correlating tree-ring parameters with daily resolved climate data is becoming increasingly common for understanding the complex relationships between tree growth and the surrounding environment.However,with an increased number of calculated correlations,there is an inherent risk of spurious significance.In this study,we present an analysis using synthetic weather and tree-ring data mimicking the statistical properties of ten real-world sites across Europe to quantify the extent to which numerous comparisons may inflate maximum correlations.Comparisons of different tree-ring proxies,considering varying overlapping period lengths and seasons,revealed 95th percentile correlation differences reaching 0.25 by chance.Using synthetic tree-ring chronologies with an assigned non-signal(r=0.00),spurious correlations can reach statistical significance in over 60%of tests.Correlation inflation is greater when:(1)the climate-proxy relationship is weaker;(2)comparison periods are shorter;and(3)the length of seasonal windows is longer.Autocorrelation in the proxy records does not appear to have a major effect.These findings indicate that caution should be exercised when computing high numbers of correlations with limited observations.We provide tables listing correlation inflations for precipitation-and temperature-sensitive tree-ring chronologies that can inform interpretations of significance.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAFYBB2020QB004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971038,32171559,U20A2085,and U21A2005).
文摘The sap flow method is widely used to estimate forest transpiration.However,at the individual tree level it has spatiotemporal variations due to the impacts of environmental conditions and spatial relationships among trees.Therefore,an in-depth understanding of the coupling effects of these factors is important for designing sap flow measurement methods and performing accurate assessments of stand scale transpiration.This study is based on observations of sap flux density(SF_(d))of nine sample trees with different Hegyi’s competition indices(HCIs),soil moisture,and meteorological conditions in a pure plantation of Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii during the 2021 growing season(May to September).A multifactorial model of sap flow was developed and possible errors in the stand scale sap flow estimates associated with sample sizes were determined using model-based predictions of sap flow.Temporal variations are controlled by vapour pressure deficit(VPD),solar radiation(R),and soil moisture,and these relationships can be described by polynomial or saturated exponential functions.Spatial(individual)differences were influenced by the HCI,as shown by the decaying power function.A simple SF_(d)model at the individual tree level was developed to describe the synergistic influences of VPD,R,soil moisture,and HCI.The coefficient of variations(CV)of the sap flow estimates gradually stabilized when the sample size was>10;at least six sample trees were needed if the CV was within 10%.This study improves understanding of the mechanisms of spatiotemporal variations in sap flow at the individual tree level and provides a new methodology for determining the optimal sample size for sap flow measurements.
基金supported by the Research and Development of Ecological Control Mechanisms and Application Techniques for Forest Pest and Disease in the North and South Mountains of Lhasa(No.XZ202301ZY0019N)Construction and Comprehensive Service Cap ability Enhancement of Plateau Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Small Courtyard(XK202403)。
文摘This study examined the EAG(Electroantennogram)responses of Stilpnotia candida to a mix of host plant volatiles and to provide a foundation for the development of plant-derived attractants.During the peak period of adult eclosion,gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyzed and identified the volatiles emitted by Populus×beijingensis found in Xizang.Based on the preliminary EAG experiments and the GC‒MS results,a blending scheme was developed.EAG and Y-tube-olfactometry were employed to measure the electrophysiological and behavioural responses of unmated males and females 24 h after eclosion 10 blends of volatiles derived from five host plants.The GC–MS analysis revealed 22 volatile compounds from Populus×beijingensis leaves,composed of esters,hydrocarbons,terpenoids,alcohols,phenols,and ether.The results indicated that all 10 blending schemes produced EAG responses in mature S.candida.The concentration thresholds were between 1 and 10μg·μL^(-1),above the optimal concentration,and a corresponding decrease in EAG was observed.According to intergroup comparisons,mature S.candida had more pronounced EAG responses.Under different concentrations,there were significant differences in the EAG from male and female S.candida to each blending scheme.Behavioural response tests indicated that schemes 2,7,and 8 exhibited significantly greater attractiveness to adult S.candida.The combined results from the EAG and behavioral response experiments demonstrated that unmated male and female adult S.candida have varying degrees of sensitivity to the volatile compounds from the 10 blending schemes specific to Xizangan Populus×beijingensis.Schemes 2,7,and 8 showed robust EAG responses and attractive behavioural responses to both male and female adult S.candida.
基金funded by the Central University D Project(HFW230600022)National Natural Science Foundation of China(71973021)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation Youth Funding Project(72003022)Heilongjiang Province University Think Tank Open Topic(ZKKF2022173).
文摘The scientific assessment of ecosystem ser-vice value(ESV)plays a critical role in regional ecologi-cal protection and management,rational land use planning,and the establishment of ecological security barriers.The ecosystem service value of the Northeast Forest Belt from 2005 to 2020 was assessed,focusing on spatial–temporal changes and the driving forces behind these dynamics.Using multi-source data,the equivalent factor method,and geo-graphic detectors,we analyzed natural and socio-economic factors affecting the region.which was crucial for effective ecological conservation and land-use planning.Enhanced the effectiveness of policy formulation and land use plan-ning.The results show that the ESV of the Northeast Forest Belt exhibits an overall increasing trend from 2005 to 2020,with forests and wetlands contributing the most.However,there are significant differences between forest belts.Driven by natural and socio-economic factors,the ESV of forest belts in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces showed significant growth.In contrast,the ESV of Forest Belts in Liaoning and Inner Mongolia of China remains relatively stable,but the spatial differentiation within these regions is characterized by significant clustering of high-value and low-value areas.Furthermore,climate regulation and hydrological regulation services were identified as the most important ecological functions in the Northeast Forest Belt,contributing greatly to regional ecological stability and human well-being.The ESV in the Northeast Forest Belt is improved during the study period,but the stability of the ecosystem is still chal-lenged by the dual impacts of natural and socio-economic factors.To further optimize regional land use planning and ecological protection policies,it is recommended to prior-itize the conservation of high-ESV areas,enhance ecological restoration efforts for wetlands and forests,and reasonably control the spatial layout of urban expansion and agricul-tural development.Additionally,this study highlights the importance of tailored ecological compensation policies and strategic land-use planning to balance environmental protec-tion and economic growth.
文摘Temperate woodland vegetation is initially determined by spatiotemporal and historical factors,mediated by complex biotic interactions.However,catastrophic events such as disease outbreaks(e.g.,sweet chestnut blight,ash dieback),infestations of insect pests,and human-accelerated climate change can create canopy gaps due to systematic decline in,or loss of,tree species that was once an important part of the canopy.Resultant cascade effects have the potential to alter the composition of woodland ecosystems quickly and radically,but inherent lag times make primary research into these effects challenging.Here,we explore change in woodland vegetation at 10 sites in response to canopy opening using the Elm Decline,a rapid loss of Ulmus in woodlands across northwestern Europe~5800 years ago that coexisted alongside other stressors such as increasing human activity,as a palaeoecological analogue.For arboreal taxa,community evenness significantly decreased,within-site turnover significantly increased,and richness remained unchanged.Changes in arboreal taxa were highly site-specific but there was a substantial decline in woody climbing taxa,especially Hedera(ivy),across the majority of sites.For shrub taxa,richness significantly increased but evenness and turnover remained consistent.Interestingly,however,there was a significant increase in abundance of shrubs at 70%of sites,including Calluna(heather),Ilex(holly)and Corylus(hazel),suggesting structural change.Surprisingly,there was no change in richness,evenness or turnover for herb taxa,possibly because change was highly variable spatially.However,there was a marked uptick in the disturbance indicator Plantago(plantain).Overall,these findings suggest that woodlands with sustained reduction in,or loss of,a tree species that once formed an important part of the canopy has profound,but often spatially idiosyncratic,impacts on vegetation diversity(richness),composition(evenness),stability(turnover),and on abundance of specific taxa,especially within the shrub layer.Use of this palaeoecological analogue,which was itself complicated by cooccurring changes in human activity,provides a valuable empirical insight into possible cascade effects of similar change in canopy opening in contemporary settings,including Ash Dieback.
基金supported by Science and Technology Foundation Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012FY112000).
文摘Based on the survey data of nine primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest plots ranging from 1 to 10.4 ha in Heilongjiang Province,this study used the moving window method and GIS technology to analyze the variation characteristics of the spatial distribution pattern of forest biomass in each plot.We explored the minimum area that can reflect the structural and functional characteristics of the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest,and used computer simulation random sampling method to verify the accuracy of the minimum area.The results showed that:(1)Through the analysis of the spatial distribution raster map of biomass deviation in the plots at various scales of 10−100 m,there is a minimum area(0.64 ha)for the critical range of biomass density variation in the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest.This minimum area based on biomass density can indirectly reflect the comprehensive characteristics of productivity level per unit area,structure,function,and environmental quality of the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest community.(2)Using computer simulation random sampling,it was found that only by sampling in a specific plot larger than or equal to the minimum area can equivalent or similar results be achieved as random sampling within the plot,indicating that the minimum area determined by the moving window method is accurate.(3)The minimum area determined in this paper is an excellent indicator reflecting the complexity of community structure,which can be used for comparing changes in community structure and function before and after external disturbances,and has a good evaluation effect.This minimum area can also be used as a basis for scientific and reasonable setting of plot size in the investigation and monitoring work of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in this region,thereby achieving the goals of improving work efficiency and saving work costs.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(grant No.:23-44-00067).
文摘Understanding why elements are distributed in tree xylem in a particular way is a significant challenge in dendrochemistry.This study explored a hypothesis that metal elements in the xylem interact due to differences in physical properties such as ionic radius and ionization potential.Scots pine in an even-aged stand established during the early 1970s in eastern Siberia was the study species.Increment cores were taken from the north and south sides of trees and scanned with an X-ray fluorescent multi scanner.With the help of X-ray scanning,the following elements were analyzed:aluminum(Al),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),titanium(Ti),manganese(Mn),iron(Fe),copper(Cu),strontium(Sr)and zinc(Zn).Scanning data on the elements were split into early-wood and late-wood data for each year of growth.The following ratios were analyzed:Ca/Sr,Fe/Ca,Fe/Sr,Al/Cu,Al/Zn,Ti/Mn,and Mn/K.Among these,ones having a consistent pattern across tree rings,the ratios show a more or less dependable relationship:that an element shows a larger decrease(relative another element)that has a larger ionic radius and lower ionization potential.Hypothetically,this may be due to the advantage of an ion with smaller ionic radius and higher ionization potential under a deficit of accommodation centers in organic molecules.An experiment approach should be applied to clarify the relationships.
基金funded by grants from the Innovation Project of the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding(2021B01).
文摘Pinus koraiensis(Sieb.et Zucc.)is a conifer-ous tree species naturally distributed in northeastern China.However,the effects of gene flow on its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear.This study investigates these dynamics in seven populations using ten microsatellite markers.The results show a high level of genetic diversity within the populations(Ho=0.633,He=0.746).In addi-tion,molecular analysis of variance(AMOVA)shows that 98%of genetic diversity occurs within populations,with minimal differentiation between populations(Fst=0.009–0.033).Gene flow analysis shows significant migration rates between specific population pairs,particularly C-TH(87%),LS-Y(69%)and TH-LS(69%),suggesting genetic homogenization.Bayesian clustering(STRUCTURE)sup-ports admixture and weak population differentiation.Envi-ronmental factors,especially temperature-related variables,significantly influence genetic patterns.Partial Mantel tests and multiple matrix regression show strong correlations between genetic distance and adaptations to cold tempera-tures(bio6 and bio11).Overall,this study emphasizes the robust genetic diversification and high migration rates in the populations of P.koraiensis and highlights their resilience.These results emphasize the importance of incorporating genetic and ecological factors into conservation strategies for sustainable forest management.This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of genetic vari-ation,gene flow and environmental influences in forest tree species and improves our understanding of their adaptive mechanisms.
基金supported by the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Program(2022GXNSFAA035583,2021GXNSFBA196052)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060305,32460270).
文摘Most research on carbon storage in forests has focused on qualitative studies of carbon storage and influ-encing factors rather than on quantifying the effect of the spatial distribution of carbon storage and of its influencing factors at different scales.Here we described the spatial dis-tribution of aboveground carbon storage(ACS)in a 20-ha plot in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to evalu-ate and quantify the relative effects of biotic factors(species diversity and structural diversity)and abiotic factors(soil and topographic factors)on ACS at different scales.Scale effects of the spatial distribution of ACS were significant,with higher variability at smaller scales,but less at larger scales.The distribution was also spatially heterogeneous,with more carbon storage on north-and east-facing slopes than on south-and west-facing slopes.At a smaller scale,species diversity and structural diversity each had a direct positive impact on ACS,but soil factors had no significant direct impact.At increasing scales,topographic and soil fac-tors gradually had a greater direct influence,whereas the influence of species diversity gradually decreased.Structural diversity had the greatest impact,followed by topographic factors and soil factors,while species diversity had a rela-tively smaller impact.These findings suggest studies on ACS in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in southern China should consider scale effects,specifically on the heterogene-ity of ACS distribution at small scales.Studies and conser-vation efforts need to focus on smaller habitat types with particular emphasis on habitat factors such as aspect and soil conditions,which have significant influences on community species diversity,structural diversity,and ACS distribution.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32192435)the Application and Demonstration Project of Network Security and Informatization Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-WX2022SF-0101)+1 种基金the Liaoning Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2023021230-JH2/1018)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2023205).
文摘Climate change is the most severe ecological challenge faced by the world today.Forests,the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems,play a critical role in mitigating climate change due to their powerful carbon sequestration capabilities.Meanwhile,climate change has also become a major factor affecting the sustainable management of forest ecosystems.Climate-Smart Forestry(CSF)is an emerging concept in sustainable forest management.By utilizing advanced technologies,such as information technology and artificial intelligence,CSF aims to develop innovative and proactive forest management methods and decision-making systems to address the challenges of climate change.CSF aims to enhance forest ecosystem resilience(i.e.,maintain a condition where,even when the state of the ecosystem changes,the ecosystem functions do not deteriorate)through climate change adaptation,improve the mitigation capabilities of forest ecosystems to climate change,maintain high,stable,and sustainable forest productivity and ecosystem services,and ultimately achieve harmonious development between humans and nature.This concept paper:(1)discusses the emergence and development of CSF,which integrates Ecological Forestry,Carbon Forestry,and Smart Forestry,and proposes the concept of CSF;(2)analyzes the goals of CSF in improving forest ecosystem stability,enhancing forest ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity,and advocating the application and development of new technologies in CSF,including artificial intelligence,robotics,Light Detection and Ranging,and forest digital twin;(3)presents the latest practices of CSF based on prior research on forest structure and function using new generation information technologies at Qingyuan Forest,China.From these practices and reflections,we suggested the development direction of CSF,including the key research topics and technological advancement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants number 32220103010,32192431,31722013,32101587,32271571)the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0608100)+1 种基金the Major Program of Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IAEMP202201)Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Major Project(2023JH1/10400001).
文摘A decline in tree growth has occurred in numerous regions over recent decades and is associated with enhanced water deficits driven by climate warming.This phenomenon may be more noticeable at lower latitudes with higher temperatures.However,the process by which these elevated temperatures alter growth performance is not well understood.In this study,by combining tree-ring data(including 340 increment cores)and remotely sensed vegetation index data,we investigated the long-term growth performance of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.(Mongolian pine),an important species for afforestation in northern China,in response to environmental factors in an area of introduction(lower latitude)and its native range(higher latitude).More notable decreases in both tree-ring width index(RWI)and basal area increment at breast height coincided with lower values and larger variations in the satellite-derived vegetation index in the area of introduction.The RWI showed stronger negative correlations with temperature and positive correlations with the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index during most months in the introduction area.These results indicate that enhanced drought stress caused by elevated temperatures in lower latitudes might be a key factor for the growth decline in Mongolian pine plantations.The negative impact of increased temperatures on tree growth through exacerbating drought stress at lower latitudes with water deficit highlights the need to reduce water stress in forest management in such areas under climate warming-driven aridification.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022 YFF 1303201)the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
文摘To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to determine the correct amount of charcoal for Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi Sarg.)seedling growth by applying oak charcoal to basic soil medium at ratios of 1:1,1:2,1:4 and 1:8 by volume.The second experiment investigated the combined effects of four types of charcoal:derived from oak wood,husks of buckwheat,rice and activated charcoal of larch wood,and two types of ECMF:Pt(Pisolithus tinctorius Pers.)and Ec(Pt+Rhizopogon spp.+Laccaria spp.+Scleroderma spp.)on the growth of Japanese larch seedlings.Our results show that growth was significantly stressed by large amounts charcoal applications.There were significant variations among the four types of charcoal on growth.We concluded that the addition of charcoal was the critical factor that influenced larch growth and ECMF formation.Rice charcoal and Ec stimulates the growth and nitrogen uptake of Japanese larch seedlings,thus the most suitable fungus and charcoal for practices is Ec-rice charcoal(1:8 charcoal to basic soil).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Number:2021YFD1400903).
文摘Pinewood nematode is a devastating forest pathogen and is considered a quarantine organism worldwide.First identified in China 40 years ago,the disease has been spreading since.In response,Chinese authorities have introduced new requirements for preventing and controlling the disease.This paper proposes a new and highly effective preventive drug,a trunk injection agent usable at normal temperatures.Its use is suggested for localized epidemic areas to reduce diseased and dead trees and as a preventive measure in adjacent non-epidemic areas to prevent the infection from spreading,particularly protecting important and ancient pine trees.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFD2200304)FundamentalResearch Funds for the Central Universities(2572022DQ08)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No32171738).
文摘Glutathione-S-transferase(GST,EC2.5.1.18)multifunctional protease is important for detoxification,defense against biotic and abiotic stresses,and secondary metabolic material transport for plant growth and development.In this study,71 members of the BpGST family were identified from the entire Betula platyphylla Suk.genome.Most of the members encode proteins with amino acid lengths ranging from 101 to 875 and were localized to the cytoplasm by a prediction.BpGSTs can be divided into seven subfamilies,with a majority of birch U and F subfamily members according to gene structure,conserved motifs and evolutionary analysis.GST family genes showed collinearity with 22 genes in Oryza sativa L.,and three genes in Arabidopsis thaliana;promoter cis-acting elements predicted that the GST gene family is functional in growth,hormone regulation,and abiotic stress response.Most members of the F subfamily of GST(BpGSTFs)were expressed in roots,stems,leaves,and petioles,with the most expression observed in leaves.On the basis of the expression profiles of F subfamily genes(BpGSTF1 to BpGSTF13)during salt,mannitol and ABA stress,BpGSTF proteins seem to have multiple functions depending on the type of abiotic stress;for instance,BpGSTs may function at different times during abiotic stress.This study enhances understanding of the GST gene family and provides a basis for further exploration of their function in birch.
文摘There is evidence of climate hormesis(low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition by climate change-related stressors),the adaptive response of cells and organisms to moderate,intermittent stress,at community and ecosystem levels,including forest ecosystems with low levels of climate stressors.However,the role of climate hormesis in carbon sequestration by forests and its effects on global processes in the biosphere remains poorly understood.This paper examines this issue based on data for forests of various biomes.The analysis has shown that soil and vegetation are the main carbon pools in forests,which sequester carbon in humus and woody organic matter.Low dose climate stressors(i.e.,moderate stressors related to climate change),through hormetic stimulation of growth and photosynthesis,can increase forest productivity and carbon sequestration by ensuring long-term carbon conservation in wood.Climate hormesis can potentially enhance soil carbon stocks by increasing carbon runoff from vegetation.This may have a reverse stimulating effect on the productivity of trees by increasing available minerals,especially nitrogen.At the biosphere level,climate hormesis of forest ecosystems may be a mechanism of self-regulation,compensating for or at least restraining the pace of climate change,increasing the chances of biomes and ecosystems for successful adaptation.However,anthropogenic activities disrupt this mechanism and the buffer capacities of forests in the face of climate change,reducing their area,especially primary forests and their biological diversity.This review demonstrates the importance of hormesis for studying the effects of climate stressors on carbon sequestration by forests and may be used to enhance their buffering properties.
