This review summarized the composition of volatile and nonvolatile compounds,the sensory mechanism and the application of Sichuan pepper(Zanthoxylum genus)as a spice and multifunctional food,such as antibacterial,inhi...This review summarized the composition of volatile and nonvolatile compounds,the sensory mechanism and the application of Sichuan pepper(Zanthoxylum genus)as a spice and multifunctional food,such as antibacterial,inhibition of inflammation,and antioxidant among others.The aim is to provide a better understanding and potential future in-depth research and application of Sichuan pepper.展开更多
Human beings have consumed lemon(Citrus limon)and lime(Citrus aurantifolia or Citrus latiflia)for thousands of years.Among the variety of citrus families,lemon and lime are originated from the hybridization of citron ...Human beings have consumed lemon(Citrus limon)and lime(Citrus aurantifolia or Citrus latiflia)for thousands of years.Among the variety of citrus families,lemon and lime are originated from the hybridization of citron with primitive papeda,hence they are similar from the nutritional and organoleptic standpoints,whereas very different from other citrus species such as orange and mandarin.Except for fresh produce,a signifi cant percentage of lemon and lime are processed and separated as juice,essential oils,pulps and other products.Lemon and lime juice or fruit itself is rich in vitamins,minerals and flavonoids which are rich sources for human nutrition.Consumption of lemon and lime fruit or juice are benefi cial for human health in the scope of urinary citrate increase,oxidative stress relief,improvement in lipid profi les and infl ammation markers,neuroprotective effects among others.These beneficial effects of lemon and lime are not only because of their high vitamin C content but also other bioactive micronutrients such as fl avonoids.Essential oils from lemon and lime have fresh and zesty aroma for perfumery and flavor applications for centuries.Compared with orange or mandarin,the integrated review for lemon and lime dietary bioactive compounds and essential oils is scarce.Therefore,in this review,we introduced the historical cultivation,consumption and process of lemon and lime,discussed the chemical and biological activities of phytochemicals in lemon and lime fruits and juice,and summarized volatile and non-volatile components in lemon and lime oil.This review may provide a comprehensive perspective for entire lemon and lime industry as well as their scientifi c values.展开更多
Oxyresveratrol(ORes,trans-2,4,3′,5′-tetrahydroxy stilbene)naturally exists in mulberry,grapes,peanuts and other plants.It belongs to stilbene polyphenolic family and has an extra hydroxyl group at 2-position compari...Oxyresveratrol(ORes,trans-2,4,3′,5′-tetrahydroxy stilbene)naturally exists in mulberry,grapes,peanuts and other plants.It belongs to stilbene polyphenolic family and has an extra hydroxyl group at 2-position comparing with resveratrol(Res).Hence,ORes has stronger antioxidant activity than resveratrol.In present study,we employed a rat hepatic fibrosis model induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4))and administrated ORes via gavage feeding to study the protective effects and potential mechanisms of ORes against hepatic fibrosis.We demonstrated that rat liver oxidative damage induced by CCl_(4)was significantly alleviated after ORes feeding.Furthermore,the mRNA transcription levels ofα-smooth muscle actinn(˛-SMA),desmin,and two MMPs(MMP2 and MMP9)were reduced and the expression levels of transforming growth factorβ1(TGF-β1),p-small mother against decapen-taplegic protein(Smad)1/2 and p-extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK)1/2 in the liver tissue down-regulated dramatically.In a parallel study with Res,ORes showed more efficacious protective effect than Res against rat liver fibrosis,which is attributed to extended conjugation system due to the extra hydroxyl group at 2-position on ORes making it more electron-rich and susceptible to oxidation than Res.Therefore,dietary consumption of mulberry and other fruits containing ORes may be beneficial in the prevention of liver fibrosis.展开更多
In order to improve appetite,attract consumers and even conform to the food culture,food coloring has become one of the necessary links in modern food processing.For example,dried-tofu will be colored by adding artifi...In order to improve appetite,attract consumers and even conform to the food culture,food coloring has become one of the necessary links in modern food processing.For example,dried-tofu will be colored by adding artificial food colors(AFCs)such as sunset yellow,cochineal red A or other seasonings like soy sauce.However,the dispute persists about whether AFCs are harmful to health.Some studies indicate AFCs affect children’s intelligence and attention,cause hyperactivity,and allergy when children consumed≥50 mg.In addition,researches showed that chemical soy sauce produces a trace of methylglyoxal(MGO)in the manufacturing process,which is related to diseases such as oxidative stress,diabetes,and cognitive deterioration.Therefore,natural pigments are relatively new and promising strategy for replacing high-risk AFCs.Thus,the objective of this study was to use dried-tofu as a natural colorants coloring screening platform,through the concept of three primary colors to discuss the coloring effects of natural colorants in Taiwan in double–phase(liquid phase to solid phase)food coloring system and assess the effects of MGO on PC12 neuron cellular morphology and cell cycle at the dietary exposure in soy sauce.Our results showed that formula G:R=0.2:0.8 and C:R=0.08:0.92 were coloring by combined natural colorants had the same eye sensory quality acceptance of consumer and had the intention to purchase.Furthermore,the results from the PC12 cell suggested that dietary exposure of methylglyoxal(<50M)in soy sauce did not affect neuron cellular morphology and cell cycle significantly.Overall,Gardenia Yellow,Curcumin,and Radish Red could overcome the application restrictions in multiplephase food coloring system and simultaneously soy sauce as a coloring agent was safety.It showed the possibility of them as food colorants on dried-tofu.展开更多
There are numerous evaluations of natural products,of which majority are food bioactives,performed up to date for their various health beneficial activities via targeting specific proteins.However,the direct identific...There are numerous evaluations of natural products,of which majority are food bioactives,performed up to date for their various health beneficial activities via targeting specific proteins.However,the direct identification of a targeted protein remains unexplored for natural occurring compounds.Proteolysis targeting chimera(PROTAC)is a type of bifunctional chimeric molecules that can directly degrade the binding proteins targeted by bioactive molecules in an ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.As the agents in protein degradation dependent on ubiquitin ligase,the bifunctional molecule connects the target protein ligand and E3 ligase ligand together via an appropriate linker.It is highly selective and efficient to induce the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of targeted binding proteins.Therefore,it has been demonstrated that the PROTAC technology has broad application in the modulation of the target protein level.In this review,we outlined the advances in PROTAC combined molecule compounds,summarized its quantitative structure-activity relationship,and finally reviewed the methods applied in identifying the target proteins of natural products.We hope it will provide an insightful application of PROTAC techniques in the target protein identification of natural products including food bioactive molecules.展开更多
Hyperuricemia,a metabolic disorder related to uric acid metabolism dysregulation,has become a common metabolic disease worldwide,due to changes in lifestyle and dietary structure.In recent years,owing to their high ac...Hyperuricemia,a metabolic disorder related to uric acid metabolism dysregulation,has become a common metabolic disease worldwide,due to changes in lifestyle and dietary structure.In recent years,owing to their high activity and few adverse effects,food-derived active peptides used as functional foods against hyperuricemia have attracted increasing attention.This article aims to focus on the challenge associated with peptide-specific preparation methods development,functional components identification,action mechanism(s)clarification,and bioavailability improvement.The current review proposed recent advances in producing the food-derived peptides with high anti-hyperuricemia activity by protein source screening and matched enzymatic hydrolysis condition adjusting,increased the knowledge about strategies to search antihyperuricemia peptides with definite structure,and emphasized the necessity of combining computer-aided approaches and activity evaluations.In addition,novel action mechanism mediated by gut microbiota was discussed,providing different insights from classical mechanism.Moreover,considering that little attention was paid previously on the structure-activity relationships of anti-hyperuricemia peptides,we collected the sequences from published studies and make a preliminary summary about the structure-activity relationships,which in turn provided guides for enzymatic hydrolysis optimization and bioavailability improvement.Hopefully,this article could promote the development,application and commercialization of food-derived anti-hyperuricemia peptides in the future.展开更多
Glycation of proteins and DNA forms advanced glycation end products(AGEs)causing cell and tissue dysfunction and subsequent various chronic diseases,in particular,metabolic and age-related diseases.Targeted AGE inhibi...Glycation of proteins and DNA forms advanced glycation end products(AGEs)causing cell and tissue dysfunction and subsequent various chronic diseases,in particular,metabolic and age-related diseases.Targeted AGE inhibition includes scavengers of reactive carbonyl species(RCS)such as methylglyoxal(MG),glyoxalase-1 enhancers,Nrf2/ARE pathway activators,AGE/RAGE formation inhibitors and other antiglycatng agents.Citrus flavonoids have demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and are also found to be effective antiglycating agents.Herein,we reviewed the up to date progress of the antiglycation effects of citrus flavonoids and associated mechanisms.Major citrus flavonoids,hesperedin and its aglycone,hesperetin,inhibited glycation by scavenging MG forming mono-or di-flavonoid adducts with MG,enhanced the activity of glyoxase-1,activated Akt/Nrf2 signal pathway while inhibiting AGE/RAGE/NF-κB pathway,reduced the formation of Nε-(carboxylmethyl)lysine(CML)and pentosidine,inhibited aldol reductase activity and decreased the levels of fructosamine.The antiglycating activity and mechanisms of other flavonoids was also summarized in this review.In conclusion,citrus flavonoids possess effective antiglycating activity via different mechanisms,yet there are many challenging questions remaining to be studied in the near future such as in vivo testing and human study of citrus flavonoids for efficacy,effectiveness and adverse effects of citrus flavonoids as a functional food in managing high levels of AGEs and controlling AGE-induced chronic diseases,diabetic complications in particular.展开更多
Myriad evidence attests to the health-promoting benefits of tea drinking.While there are multiple factors of tea influencing the effective biological properties,tea polyphenols are the most significant and valuable co...Myriad evidence attests to the health-promoting benefits of tea drinking.While there are multiple factors of tea influencing the effective biological properties,tea polyphenols are the most significant and valuable components.The chemical characterization and physical characteristics of tea polyphenols have been comprehensively studied over the previous years.Still the emergence of new chemistry in tea,particularly the property of scavenging reactive carbonyl species(RCS)and the newly discovered flavoalkaloid compounds,has drawn increasing attention.In this review,we summarize recent findings of a new class of compounds in tea-flavonoid alkaloids(flavoalkaloids),which exist in fresh tea leaves and can be generated during the process of post-harvesting,and also postulate the formation mechanism of flavoalkaloids between catechins and theanine-derived Strecker aldehyde.Additionally,we detail the up-to-date research results of tea polyphenols regarding their ability to trap RCS and their in vivo aminated metabolites to suppress advanced glycation ends products(AGEs).We further raise questions to be addressed in the near future,including the synthetic pathways for the generation of flavoalkaloids and AGEs in fresh tea leaves before processing and the concentrations of tea polyphenols that affect their RCS scavenging capability due to their pro-oxidant nature.More intensive research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying the biological activity of flavoalkaloids and the pharmacological application of tea polyphenols in scavenging RCS and impeding detrimental AGEs.展开更多
Tea polysaccharides(TPSs),one of the major bioactive ingredients in tea,have been widely studied due to their variety of biological activities,including antioxidant,cancer prevention,hypoglycemia,anti-fatigue,anti-coa...Tea polysaccharides(TPSs),one of the major bioactive ingredients in tea,have been widely studied due to their variety of biological activities,including antioxidant,cancer prevention,hypoglycemia,anti-fatigue,anti-coagulant,anti-obesity and immunomodulatory effect.The biological effectiveness of TPSs has direct relation with their structures such as monosaccharide composition,molecular weight,glycosidic linkages,conformation and others,which can be influenced by tea materials,processing methods,extraction and purification procedures among others.Comparing to the study of tea polyphenols,the exploration of TPSs in structural elucidation and biofunctionality is very preliminary.Yet several factors affecting the structural change of TPSs have been studied and identified.Consequently,the variation of some TPS biological activity brought by the change of TPS structures has been evaluated and preliminary correlation of structure activity relationship of TPSs has been performed.Therefore,this review aims to serve as a summary research report regarding the influencing factors on TPSs structures and consequential effects on the biological activities of TPSs.We hope to provide updated information and systematic references for future study and functional food development of TPSs.展开更多
Oolong tea,partially fermented from Camellia sinensis leaves,exhibits significant antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,and anti-cancer activities as indicated in several in vitro and in vivo studies.However,studies on heal...Oolong tea,partially fermented from Camellia sinensis leaves,exhibits significant antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,and anti-cancer activities as indicated in several in vitro and in vivo studies.However,studies on health promoting effects of oolong tea and its characteristic compounds are limited.The potential efficacy of bioactives derived from oolong tea and their roles as promising anticancer agents,their cardio-protective benefits during hypoxic conditions,effects in treating allergic disorders,potential prebiotic activities,improvement of blood lipid status in human beings,effectivity as oral hypoglycemic agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes,and their potentials to reduce the risk of obesity have been discussed in this review.These promising studies mainly gained from animal studies might broaden the consumption and usage of the phenolic-enriched oolong tea and its products in food and pharmaceutical industries.However,potential health beneficial effects of oolong tea in humans should be further complemented by large-sized,randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled trials to consolidate potential therapeutic applications.展开更多
Tea(Camellia sinensis)is widely considered to promote feelings of calming and soothing.This effect is attributed to L-theanine(L-γ-glutamylethylamide)in tea,a non-protein amino acid mainly derived from tea leaves.As ...Tea(Camellia sinensis)is widely considered to promote feelings of calming and soothing.This effect is attributed to L-theanine(L-γ-glutamylethylamide)in tea,a non-protein amino acid mainly derived from tea leaves.As a naturally occurring structural analogue of glutamate,L-theanine competes for the receptors with glutamate and is able to pass the blood-brain barrier to exert its relaxation effect.This review focuses on the relaxation effect of L-theanine,including animal models and the latest human trials as well as the potential molecular mechanisms regarding neuron stem cells.The biological efficacy of dietary L-theanine in the food matrix has been further discussed in this review in relation to the physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract and bindings of L-theanine with other food components.展开更多
Among six major types of tea(white,green,oolong,yellow,black,and dark teas)from Camellia sinensis,oolong tea,a semi-fermented tea,with its own unique aroma and taste,has become a popular consumption as indicated by th...Among six major types of tea(white,green,oolong,yellow,black,and dark teas)from Camellia sinensis,oolong tea,a semi-fermented tea,with its own unique aroma and taste,has become a popular consumption as indicated by the increasing production.Representing the characteristic flavonoids of oolong tea,theasinensins are dimeric flavan-3-ols.Many recent studies have indicated that oolong tea and theasinensins possess several health benefit properties.We consider it significant and necessary to have a comprehensive review in the recent advances of oolong tea.Therefore,the aim of the present review is to provide a new perspective on oolong tea and its characteristic phytochemicals,theasinensins associated with health benefits,molecular action pathway,and chemical mechanism of theasinensin formation from scientific evidences available on the literature.Furthermore,the chemical characterization of the oxidation products and the model oxidation system to the chemical changes of theasinensins are also discussed.展开更多
Cancer is one of the two leading human fatal diseases.Drug development for cancer intervention has progressed well in past decades yet existing drugs face many limitations in applications and effectiveness and are oft...Cancer is one of the two leading human fatal diseases.Drug development for cancer intervention has progressed well in past decades yet existing drugs face many limitations in applications and effectiveness and are often associated with serious of side effects,which can further deteriorate the patients’quality of life.Recent development of natural product based and therapeutically sound anti-cancer agents have gained popularity in the field of functional foods,in which a few have demonstrated efficacy and minimal toxicity toward the prevention and treatment of carcinogenesis.With multiple active molecular components,citrus peels and derived extracts have demonstrated potent efficacious properties against various cancers due in large part to the rich content of flavonoids present in citrus peels.This review summarizes the results of currently available data regarding the in vivo anti-cancer activity of citrus peel flavonoids,and identifies opportunities for subsequent human clinical trials to assess preventive and therapeutic effects in the near future.展开更多
Tea as the most consumed beverage in the world has received enormous attention for its promoting health benefits.The deleterious effect ofα-dicarbonyls and AGEs formed in Maillard reaction is also a longterm challeng...Tea as the most consumed beverage in the world has received enormous attention for its promoting health benefits.The deleterious effect ofα-dicarbonyls and AGEs formed in Maillard reaction is also a longterm challenge.The connection between the two topics was the main aim of this review,to address and update the antiglycation effect and mechanism of tea and tea polyphenols.By analyzing recent publications,we have covered across chemistry models,cell lines and animal studies.Tea polyphenols,particularly catechins,showed outstanding antiglycation effect by trappingα-dicarbonyl compounds and impeding AGEs formation.Reduction of carbonyl stress brought alleviation to aging,diabetes,and collagen related diseases or complications through regulation of RAGE expression and subsequent MAPK and TGF-βpathway.Therefore,tea polyphenols can serve as promising natural candidates in the treatment and/or prevention of nephropathy,retinopathy,hepatopathy,hyperglycemia and obesity among others,by their potent antiglycation effect.Further studies need to address on aspects like exact mechanisms,solution of detection obstacles,balance of practical usage and harmful effects such as potential flavor damage and toxicity in food,to gain a comprehensive understanding of antiglycation activities of tea polyphenols and its actual application.展开更多
Assessing the changes in forest carbon stocks over time is critical for monitoring carbon dynamics,estimating the balance between carbon uptake and release from forests,and providing key insights into climate change m...Assessing the changes in forest carbon stocks over time is critical for monitoring carbon dynamics,estimating the balance between carbon uptake and release from forests,and providing key insights into climate change mitigation.In this study,we quantitatively characterized spatiotemporal variations in aboveground carbon density(ACD)in boreal natural forests in the Greater Khingan Mountains(GKM)region using bi-temporal discrete aerial laser scanning(ALS)data acquired in 2012 and 2016.Moreover,we evaluated the transferability of the proposed design model using forest field plot data and produced a wall-to-wall map of ACD changes for the entire study area from 2012 to 2016 at a grid size of 30 m.In addition,we investigated the relationships between carbon dynamics and the dominant tree species,age groups,and topography of undisturbed forested areas to better understand ACD variations by employing heterogeneous forest canopy structural characteristics.The results showed that the performance of the temporally transferable model(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=18.25%),which included stable variables,was statistically equivalent to that obtained from the model fitted directly by the 2016 field plots(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=17.47%).The average rate of change in carbon sequestration across the entire study region was 1.35 Mg⋅ha^(-1)⋅year^(-1) based on the changes in ALS-based ACD values over the course of four years.The relative change rates of ACD decreased as the elevation increased,with the highest and lowest ACD growth rates occurring in the middle-aged and mature forest stands,respectively.The Gini coefficient,which represents forest canopy surface structure heterogeneity,is sensitive to carbon dynamics and is a reliable predictor of the relative change rate of ACD.This study demonstrated the applicability of bi-temporal ALS for predicting forest carbon dynamics and fine-scale spatial change patterns.Our research contributed to a better understanding of the in-fluence of remote sensing-derived environmental variables on forest carbon dynamic patterns and the development of context-specific management approaches to increase forest carbon stocks.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with motor and non-motorsigns, which begins long before the diagnosis can be made. Pharmacotherapy with dopaminergic drugsis the mainstay of...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with motor and non-motorsigns, which begins long before the diagnosis can be made. Pharmacotherapy with dopaminergic drugsis the mainstay of PD therapy. There is no currently available cure or disease-modifying treatment. Dietand various foods have been proposed as possible risk factors for PD. Nutritional supplementation withomega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, and coenzyme Q may have potential in the management ofPD. In addition, several strategies could possibly lead to the development of medical foods in PD. Forexample, ketogenic diets may have effects complementary to pharmacotherapy. Gut microbial dysbiosisand altered microbial metabolites found in PD may lead to chronic low-grade inflammation in gut andbrain. Interventions targeting gut microbiota, such as the supplementation of probiotics, may providenovel approaches to PD in regard to both symptomatic treatment and disease modification. High qualityrandomized controlled trials need to be conducted in order to evaluate whether these food-basedstrategies have symptomatic efficacy or the potential to delay the progression of PD.展开更多
文摘This review summarized the composition of volatile and nonvolatile compounds,the sensory mechanism and the application of Sichuan pepper(Zanthoxylum genus)as a spice and multifunctional food,such as antibacterial,inhibition of inflammation,and antioxidant among others.The aim is to provide a better understanding and potential future in-depth research and application of Sichuan pepper.
基金supported by Hubei Science and Technology Plan Key Project(G2019ABA100).
文摘Human beings have consumed lemon(Citrus limon)and lime(Citrus aurantifolia or Citrus latiflia)for thousands of years.Among the variety of citrus families,lemon and lime are originated from the hybridization of citron with primitive papeda,hence they are similar from the nutritional and organoleptic standpoints,whereas very different from other citrus species such as orange and mandarin.Except for fresh produce,a signifi cant percentage of lemon and lime are processed and separated as juice,essential oils,pulps and other products.Lemon and lime juice or fruit itself is rich in vitamins,minerals and flavonoids which are rich sources for human nutrition.Consumption of lemon and lime fruit or juice are benefi cial for human health in the scope of urinary citrate increase,oxidative stress relief,improvement in lipid profi les and infl ammation markers,neuroprotective effects among others.These beneficial effects of lemon and lime are not only because of their high vitamin C content but also other bioactive micronutrients such as fl avonoids.Essential oils from lemon and lime have fresh and zesty aroma for perfumery and flavor applications for centuries.Compared with orange or mandarin,the integrated review for lemon and lime dietary bioactive compounds and essential oils is scarce.Therefore,in this review,we introduced the historical cultivation,consumption and process of lemon and lime,discussed the chemical and biological activities of phytochemicals in lemon and lime fruits and juice,and summarized volatile and non-volatile components in lemon and lime oil.This review may provide a comprehensive perspective for entire lemon and lime industry as well as their scientifi c values.
基金Grant from Hubei Province,China(GRANT number 2019ABA100)。
文摘Oxyresveratrol(ORes,trans-2,4,3′,5′-tetrahydroxy stilbene)naturally exists in mulberry,grapes,peanuts and other plants.It belongs to stilbene polyphenolic family and has an extra hydroxyl group at 2-position comparing with resveratrol(Res).Hence,ORes has stronger antioxidant activity than resveratrol.In present study,we employed a rat hepatic fibrosis model induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4))and administrated ORes via gavage feeding to study the protective effects and potential mechanisms of ORes against hepatic fibrosis.We demonstrated that rat liver oxidative damage induced by CCl_(4)was significantly alleviated after ORes feeding.Furthermore,the mRNA transcription levels ofα-smooth muscle actinn(˛-SMA),desmin,and two MMPs(MMP2 and MMP9)were reduced and the expression levels of transforming growth factorβ1(TGF-β1),p-small mother against decapen-taplegic protein(Smad)1/2 and p-extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK)1/2 in the liver tissue down-regulated dramatically.In a parallel study with Res,ORes showed more efficacious protective effect than Res against rat liver fibrosis,which is attributed to extended conjugation system due to the extra hydroxyl group at 2-position on ORes making it more electron-rich and susceptible to oxidation than Res.Therefore,dietary consumption of mulberry and other fruits containing ORes may be beneficial in the prevention of liver fibrosis.
基金This study was supportedby the Ministry of Science and Technology[105-2320-B-002-031-MY3,105-2628-B-002-003-MY3].
文摘In order to improve appetite,attract consumers and even conform to the food culture,food coloring has become one of the necessary links in modern food processing.For example,dried-tofu will be colored by adding artificial food colors(AFCs)such as sunset yellow,cochineal red A or other seasonings like soy sauce.However,the dispute persists about whether AFCs are harmful to health.Some studies indicate AFCs affect children’s intelligence and attention,cause hyperactivity,and allergy when children consumed≥50 mg.In addition,researches showed that chemical soy sauce produces a trace of methylglyoxal(MGO)in the manufacturing process,which is related to diseases such as oxidative stress,diabetes,and cognitive deterioration.Therefore,natural pigments are relatively new and promising strategy for replacing high-risk AFCs.Thus,the objective of this study was to use dried-tofu as a natural colorants coloring screening platform,through the concept of three primary colors to discuss the coloring effects of natural colorants in Taiwan in double–phase(liquid phase to solid phase)food coloring system and assess the effects of MGO on PC12 neuron cellular morphology and cell cycle at the dietary exposure in soy sauce.Our results showed that formula G:R=0.2:0.8 and C:R=0.08:0.92 were coloring by combined natural colorants had the same eye sensory quality acceptance of consumer and had the intention to purchase.Furthermore,the results from the PC12 cell suggested that dietary exposure of methylglyoxal(<50M)in soy sauce did not affect neuron cellular morphology and cell cycle significantly.Overall,Gardenia Yellow,Curcumin,and Radish Red could overcome the application restrictions in multiplephase food coloring system and simultaneously soy sauce as a coloring agent was safety.It showed the possibility of them as food colorants on dried-tofu.
基金supported by the key scientific research projects of Hunan Provincial Department of Education of China(No.19A513)the National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CAFINT,China(No.CAFYBB2018GA001)Grant from Hubei Province,China(GRANT number 2019ABA100)。
文摘There are numerous evaluations of natural products,of which majority are food bioactives,performed up to date for their various health beneficial activities via targeting specific proteins.However,the direct identification of a targeted protein remains unexplored for natural occurring compounds.Proteolysis targeting chimera(PROTAC)is a type of bifunctional chimeric molecules that can directly degrade the binding proteins targeted by bioactive molecules in an ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.As the agents in protein degradation dependent on ubiquitin ligase,the bifunctional molecule connects the target protein ligand and E3 ligase ligand together via an appropriate linker.It is highly selective and efficient to induce the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of targeted binding proteins.Therefore,it has been demonstrated that the PROTAC technology has broad application in the modulation of the target protein level.In this review,we outlined the advances in PROTAC combined molecule compounds,summarized its quantitative structure-activity relationship,and finally reviewed the methods applied in identifying the target proteins of natural products.We hope it will provide an insightful application of PROTAC techniques in the target protein identification of natural products including food bioactive molecules.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation China(32270115)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0901102)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang(SJLY2021015)K.C.Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University。
文摘Hyperuricemia,a metabolic disorder related to uric acid metabolism dysregulation,has become a common metabolic disease worldwide,due to changes in lifestyle and dietary structure.In recent years,owing to their high activity and few adverse effects,food-derived active peptides used as functional foods against hyperuricemia have attracted increasing attention.This article aims to focus on the challenge associated with peptide-specific preparation methods development,functional components identification,action mechanism(s)clarification,and bioavailability improvement.The current review proposed recent advances in producing the food-derived peptides with high anti-hyperuricemia activity by protein source screening and matched enzymatic hydrolysis condition adjusting,increased the knowledge about strategies to search antihyperuricemia peptides with definite structure,and emphasized the necessity of combining computer-aided approaches and activity evaluations.In addition,novel action mechanism mediated by gut microbiota was discussed,providing different insights from classical mechanism.Moreover,considering that little attention was paid previously on the structure-activity relationships of anti-hyperuricemia peptides,we collected the sequences from published studies and make a preliminary summary about the structure-activity relationships,which in turn provided guides for enzymatic hydrolysis optimization and bioavailability improvement.Hopefully,this article could promote the development,application and commercialization of food-derived anti-hyperuricemia peptides in the future.
基金support from the High Level Scientific Research Cultivation Project of Huanggang Normal University(202108504)from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571832)。
文摘Glycation of proteins and DNA forms advanced glycation end products(AGEs)causing cell and tissue dysfunction and subsequent various chronic diseases,in particular,metabolic and age-related diseases.Targeted AGE inhibition includes scavengers of reactive carbonyl species(RCS)such as methylglyoxal(MG),glyoxalase-1 enhancers,Nrf2/ARE pathway activators,AGE/RAGE formation inhibitors and other antiglycatng agents.Citrus flavonoids have demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and are also found to be effective antiglycating agents.Herein,we reviewed the up to date progress of the antiglycation effects of citrus flavonoids and associated mechanisms.Major citrus flavonoids,hesperedin and its aglycone,hesperetin,inhibited glycation by scavenging MG forming mono-or di-flavonoid adducts with MG,enhanced the activity of glyoxase-1,activated Akt/Nrf2 signal pathway while inhibiting AGE/RAGE/NF-κB pathway,reduced the formation of Nε-(carboxylmethyl)lysine(CML)and pentosidine,inhibited aldol reductase activity and decreased the levels of fructosamine.The antiglycating activity and mechanisms of other flavonoids was also summarized in this review.In conclusion,citrus flavonoids possess effective antiglycating activity via different mechanisms,yet there are many challenging questions remaining to be studied in the near future such as in vivo testing and human study of citrus flavonoids for efficacy,effectiveness and adverse effects of citrus flavonoids as a functional food in managing high levels of AGEs and controlling AGE-induced chronic diseases,diabetic complications in particular.
基金supported by Hubei Science and Technology Plan Key Project(G2019ABA100)。
文摘Myriad evidence attests to the health-promoting benefits of tea drinking.While there are multiple factors of tea influencing the effective biological properties,tea polyphenols are the most significant and valuable components.The chemical characterization and physical characteristics of tea polyphenols have been comprehensively studied over the previous years.Still the emergence of new chemistry in tea,particularly the property of scavenging reactive carbonyl species(RCS)and the newly discovered flavoalkaloid compounds,has drawn increasing attention.In this review,we summarize recent findings of a new class of compounds in tea-flavonoid alkaloids(flavoalkaloids),which exist in fresh tea leaves and can be generated during the process of post-harvesting,and also postulate the formation mechanism of flavoalkaloids between catechins and theanine-derived Strecker aldehyde.Additionally,we detail the up-to-date research results of tea polyphenols regarding their ability to trap RCS and their in vivo aminated metabolites to suppress advanced glycation ends products(AGEs).We further raise questions to be addressed in the near future,including the synthetic pathways for the generation of flavoalkaloids and AGEs in fresh tea leaves before processing and the concentrations of tea polyphenols that affect their RCS scavenging capability due to their pro-oxidant nature.More intensive research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying the biological activity of flavoalkaloids and the pharmacological application of tea polyphenols in scavenging RCS and impeding detrimental AGEs.
基金supported by Hubei Science and Technology Plan Key Project(G2019ABA100)Assessment and Comprehensive Utilization of Characteristic Biological Resources in Dabie Mountains(4022019006)Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province(2019CFB395)。
文摘Tea polysaccharides(TPSs),one of the major bioactive ingredients in tea,have been widely studied due to their variety of biological activities,including antioxidant,cancer prevention,hypoglycemia,anti-fatigue,anti-coagulant,anti-obesity and immunomodulatory effect.The biological effectiveness of TPSs has direct relation with their structures such as monosaccharide composition,molecular weight,glycosidic linkages,conformation and others,which can be influenced by tea materials,processing methods,extraction and purification procedures among others.Comparing to the study of tea polyphenols,the exploration of TPSs in structural elucidation and biofunctionality is very preliminary.Yet several factors affecting the structural change of TPSs have been studied and identified.Consequently,the variation of some TPS biological activity brought by the change of TPS structures has been evaluated and preliminary correlation of structure activity relationship of TPSs has been performed.Therefore,this review aims to serve as a summary research report regarding the influencing factors on TPSs structures and consequential effects on the biological activities of TPSs.We hope to provide updated information and systematic references for future study and functional food development of TPSs.
基金funded by Hubei Science and Technology Plan Key Project(G2019ABA100)Open fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization(201932103)fund from Assessment and Comprehensive Utilization of Characteristic Biological resources in Dabie Mountains(4022019006)。
文摘Oolong tea,partially fermented from Camellia sinensis leaves,exhibits significant antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,and anti-cancer activities as indicated in several in vitro and in vivo studies.However,studies on health promoting effects of oolong tea and its characteristic compounds are limited.The potential efficacy of bioactives derived from oolong tea and their roles as promising anticancer agents,their cardio-protective benefits during hypoxic conditions,effects in treating allergic disorders,potential prebiotic activities,improvement of blood lipid status in human beings,effectivity as oral hypoglycemic agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes,and their potentials to reduce the risk of obesity have been discussed in this review.These promising studies mainly gained from animal studies might broaden the consumption and usage of the phenolic-enriched oolong tea and its products in food and pharmaceutical industries.However,potential health beneficial effects of oolong tea in humans should be further complemented by large-sized,randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled trials to consolidate potential therapeutic applications.
基金supported by Hubei Science and Technology Plan Key Project(G2019ABA100)。
文摘Tea(Camellia sinensis)is widely considered to promote feelings of calming and soothing.This effect is attributed to L-theanine(L-γ-glutamylethylamide)in tea,a non-protein amino acid mainly derived from tea leaves.As a naturally occurring structural analogue of glutamate,L-theanine competes for the receptors with glutamate and is able to pass the blood-brain barrier to exert its relaxation effect.This review focuses on the relaxation effect of L-theanine,including animal models and the latest human trials as well as the potential molecular mechanisms regarding neuron stem cells.The biological efficacy of dietary L-theanine in the food matrix has been further discussed in this review in relation to the physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract and bindings of L-theanine with other food components.
基金This study was made possible by Naresuan University,Phisanulok,Thailand under the International Research University(IRU)program and Anhui Major Demonstration Project for Leading Talent Team on Tea Chemistry and Health,Anhui Department of Education,Hefei,China.
文摘Among six major types of tea(white,green,oolong,yellow,black,and dark teas)from Camellia sinensis,oolong tea,a semi-fermented tea,with its own unique aroma and taste,has become a popular consumption as indicated by the increasing production.Representing the characteristic flavonoids of oolong tea,theasinensins are dimeric flavan-3-ols.Many recent studies have indicated that oolong tea and theasinensins possess several health benefit properties.We consider it significant and necessary to have a comprehensive review in the recent advances of oolong tea.Therefore,the aim of the present review is to provide a new perspective on oolong tea and its characteristic phytochemicals,theasinensins associated with health benefits,molecular action pathway,and chemical mechanism of theasinensin formation from scientific evidences available on the literature.Furthermore,the chemical characterization of the oxidation products and the model oxidation system to the chemical changes of theasinensins are also discussed.
文摘Cancer is one of the two leading human fatal diseases.Drug development for cancer intervention has progressed well in past decades yet existing drugs face many limitations in applications and effectiveness and are often associated with serious of side effects,which can further deteriorate the patients’quality of life.Recent development of natural product based and therapeutically sound anti-cancer agents have gained popularity in the field of functional foods,in which a few have demonstrated efficacy and minimal toxicity toward the prevention and treatment of carcinogenesis.With multiple active molecular components,citrus peels and derived extracts have demonstrated potent efficacious properties against various cancers due in large part to the rich content of flavonoids present in citrus peels.This review summarizes the results of currently available data regarding the in vivo anti-cancer activity of citrus peel flavonoids,and identifies opportunities for subsequent human clinical trials to assess preventive and therapeutic effects in the near future.
基金funded by Hubei Science and Technology Plan Key Project(G2019ABA100)。
文摘Tea as the most consumed beverage in the world has received enormous attention for its promoting health benefits.The deleterious effect ofα-dicarbonyls and AGEs formed in Maillard reaction is also a longterm challenge.The connection between the two topics was the main aim of this review,to address and update the antiglycation effect and mechanism of tea and tea polyphenols.By analyzing recent publications,we have covered across chemistry models,cell lines and animal studies.Tea polyphenols,particularly catechins,showed outstanding antiglycation effect by trappingα-dicarbonyl compounds and impeding AGEs formation.Reduction of carbonyl stress brought alleviation to aging,diabetes,and collagen related diseases or complications through regulation of RAGE expression and subsequent MAPK and TGF-βpathway.Therefore,tea polyphenols can serve as promising natural candidates in the treatment and/or prevention of nephropathy,retinopathy,hepatopathy,hyperglycemia and obesity among others,by their potent antiglycation effect.Further studies need to address on aspects like exact mechanisms,solution of detection obstacles,balance of practical usage and harmful effects such as potential flavor damage and toxicity in food,to gain a comprehensive understanding of antiglycation activities of tea polyphenols and its actual application.
基金We acknowledge grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(Project Number:2020YFE0200800)National Science and Technology Major Project of China's High Resolution Earth Observation System(Project Number:21-Y20B01-9001-19/22-1).
文摘Assessing the changes in forest carbon stocks over time is critical for monitoring carbon dynamics,estimating the balance between carbon uptake and release from forests,and providing key insights into climate change mitigation.In this study,we quantitatively characterized spatiotemporal variations in aboveground carbon density(ACD)in boreal natural forests in the Greater Khingan Mountains(GKM)region using bi-temporal discrete aerial laser scanning(ALS)data acquired in 2012 and 2016.Moreover,we evaluated the transferability of the proposed design model using forest field plot data and produced a wall-to-wall map of ACD changes for the entire study area from 2012 to 2016 at a grid size of 30 m.In addition,we investigated the relationships between carbon dynamics and the dominant tree species,age groups,and topography of undisturbed forested areas to better understand ACD variations by employing heterogeneous forest canopy structural characteristics.The results showed that the performance of the temporally transferable model(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=18.25%),which included stable variables,was statistically equivalent to that obtained from the model fitted directly by the 2016 field plots(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=17.47%).The average rate of change in carbon sequestration across the entire study region was 1.35 Mg⋅ha^(-1)⋅year^(-1) based on the changes in ALS-based ACD values over the course of four years.The relative change rates of ACD decreased as the elevation increased,with the highest and lowest ACD growth rates occurring in the middle-aged and mature forest stands,respectively.The Gini coefficient,which represents forest canopy surface structure heterogeneity,is sensitive to carbon dynamics and is a reliable predictor of the relative change rate of ACD.This study demonstrated the applicability of bi-temporal ALS for predicting forest carbon dynamics and fine-scale spatial change patterns.Our research contributed to a better understanding of the in-fluence of remote sensing-derived environmental variables on forest carbon dynamic patterns and the development of context-specific management approaches to increase forest carbon stocks.
文摘Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with motor and non-motorsigns, which begins long before the diagnosis can be made. Pharmacotherapy with dopaminergic drugsis the mainstay of PD therapy. There is no currently available cure or disease-modifying treatment. Dietand various foods have been proposed as possible risk factors for PD. Nutritional supplementation withomega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, and coenzyme Q may have potential in the management ofPD. In addition, several strategies could possibly lead to the development of medical foods in PD. Forexample, ketogenic diets may have effects complementary to pharmacotherapy. Gut microbial dysbiosisand altered microbial metabolites found in PD may lead to chronic low-grade inflammation in gut andbrain. Interventions targeting gut microbiota, such as the supplementation of probiotics, may providenovel approaches to PD in regard to both symptomatic treatment and disease modification. High qualityrandomized controlled trials need to be conducted in order to evaluate whether these food-basedstrategies have symptomatic efficacy or the potential to delay the progression of PD.
