Background:Forests perform various important ecosystem functions that contribute to ecosystem services.In many parts of the world,forest management has shifted from a focus on timber production to multi-purpose forest...Background:Forests perform various important ecosystem functions that contribute to ecosystem services.In many parts of the world,forest management has shifted from a focus on timber production to multi-purpose forestry,combining timber production with the supply of other forest ecosystem services.However,it is unclear which forest types provide which ecosystem services and to what extent forests primarily managed for timber already supply multiple ecosystem services.Based on a comprehensive dataset collected across 150 forest plots in three regions differing in management intensity and species composition,we develop models to predict the potential supply of 13 ecosystem services.We use those models to assess the level of multifunctionality of managed forests at the national level using national forest inventory data.Results:Looking at the potential supply of ecosystem services,we found trade-offs(e.g.between both bark beetle control or dung decomposition and both productivity or soil carbon stocks)as well as synergies(e.g.for temperature regulation,carbon storage and culturally interesting plants)across the 53 most dominant forest types in Germany.No single forest type provided all ecosystem services equally.Some ecosystem services showed comparable levels across forest types(e.g.decomposition or richness of saprotrophs),while others varied strongly,depending on forest structural attributes(e.g.phosphorous availability or cover of edible plants)or tree species composition(e.g.potential nitrification activity).Variability in potential supply of ecosystem services was only to a lesser extent driven by environmental conditions.However,the geographic variation in ecosystem function supply across Germany was closely linked with the distribution of main tree species.Conclusions:Our results show that forest multifunctionality is limited to subsets of ecosystem services.The importance of tree species composition highlights that a lack of multifunctionality at the stand level can be compensated by managing forests at the landscape level,when stands of complementary forest types are combined.These results imply that multi-purpose forestry should be based on a variety of forest types requiring coordinated planning across larger spatial scales.展开更多
Background:Deadwood and the associated epixylic vegetation influence nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems.Open canopies strongly regulate deadwood decomposition and disrupt epixylic vegetation on logs.However,it is un...Background:Deadwood and the associated epixylic vegetation influence nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems.Open canopies strongly regulate deadwood decomposition and disrupt epixylic vegetation on logs.However,it is unclear how the forest canopy density and epixylic vegetation growth affect the nutrient concentrations in deadwood.Methods:We measured the concentrations of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),sodium(Na),magnesium(Mg),and manganese(Mn)in experimentally exposed decaying logs placed in gaps,at the edge of gaps,and under the closed canopy during a four-year decomposition experiment in a Subalpine Faxon fir forest(Abies fargesii var.faxoniana)on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.To assess the effect of the epixylic vegetation,we experimentally removed it from half of the logs used in the study.Results:Under open canopy conditions in the gap and at the edge,the concentrations for most of the nutrients in the bark and the highly decayed wood were lower than under the closed canopy.The effect of the epixylic treatment on nutrient concentrations for all but K and Na in barks varied with the decay classes.Significantly lower concentrations of N,P,Ca,and Mn following the removal of epixylic vegetation were observed in the wood of decay class IV.Epixylic vegetation significantly increased most nutrient concentrations for decaying barks and wood under open canopy conditions.In contrast,epixylic vegetation had no or minimal effects under the closed canopy.Conclusions:Forest canopy density and epixylic vegetation significantly alter the nutrient concentrations in decaying logs.Open canopies likely accelerate the rate of nutrient cycling between the epixylic vegetation and decaying logs in subalpine forests.展开更多
基金funded through the project‘Bio Holz’(grant no.01LC1323A)in the funding program‘Research for the Implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy(F&U NBS)’by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF)and the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation(Bf N)with funds provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Building and Nuclear Safety(BMUB)supported by the DFG Priority Program 1374‘Infrastructure-Biodiversity-Exploratories’。
文摘Background:Forests perform various important ecosystem functions that contribute to ecosystem services.In many parts of the world,forest management has shifted from a focus on timber production to multi-purpose forestry,combining timber production with the supply of other forest ecosystem services.However,it is unclear which forest types provide which ecosystem services and to what extent forests primarily managed for timber already supply multiple ecosystem services.Based on a comprehensive dataset collected across 150 forest plots in three regions differing in management intensity and species composition,we develop models to predict the potential supply of 13 ecosystem services.We use those models to assess the level of multifunctionality of managed forests at the national level using national forest inventory data.Results:Looking at the potential supply of ecosystem services,we found trade-offs(e.g.between both bark beetle control or dung decomposition and both productivity or soil carbon stocks)as well as synergies(e.g.for temperature regulation,carbon storage and culturally interesting plants)across the 53 most dominant forest types in Germany.No single forest type provided all ecosystem services equally.Some ecosystem services showed comparable levels across forest types(e.g.decomposition or richness of saprotrophs),while others varied strongly,depending on forest structural attributes(e.g.phosphorous availability or cover of edible plants)or tree species composition(e.g.potential nitrification activity).Variability in potential supply of ecosystem services was only to a lesser extent driven by environmental conditions.However,the geographic variation in ecosystem function supply across Germany was closely linked with the distribution of main tree species.Conclusions:Our results show that forest multifunctionality is limited to subsets of ecosystem services.The importance of tree species composition highlights that a lack of multifunctionality at the stand level can be compensated by managing forests at the landscape level,when stands of complementary forest types are combined.These results imply that multi-purpose forestry should be based on a variety of forest types requiring coordinated planning across larger spatial scales.
基金jointly funded by the following grants:The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32071554,31870602,31901295)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0503906)the Program of Sichuan Excellent Youth Sci-Tech Foundation(No.2020JDJQ0052).
文摘Background:Deadwood and the associated epixylic vegetation influence nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems.Open canopies strongly regulate deadwood decomposition and disrupt epixylic vegetation on logs.However,it is unclear how the forest canopy density and epixylic vegetation growth affect the nutrient concentrations in deadwood.Methods:We measured the concentrations of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),sodium(Na),magnesium(Mg),and manganese(Mn)in experimentally exposed decaying logs placed in gaps,at the edge of gaps,and under the closed canopy during a four-year decomposition experiment in a Subalpine Faxon fir forest(Abies fargesii var.faxoniana)on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.To assess the effect of the epixylic vegetation,we experimentally removed it from half of the logs used in the study.Results:Under open canopy conditions in the gap and at the edge,the concentrations for most of the nutrients in the bark and the highly decayed wood were lower than under the closed canopy.The effect of the epixylic treatment on nutrient concentrations for all but K and Na in barks varied with the decay classes.Significantly lower concentrations of N,P,Ca,and Mn following the removal of epixylic vegetation were observed in the wood of decay class IV.Epixylic vegetation significantly increased most nutrient concentrations for decaying barks and wood under open canopy conditions.In contrast,epixylic vegetation had no or minimal effects under the closed canopy.Conclusions:Forest canopy density and epixylic vegetation significantly alter the nutrient concentrations in decaying logs.Open canopies likely accelerate the rate of nutrient cycling between the epixylic vegetation and decaying logs in subalpine forests.
