抗体是一类能特异性识别并结合抗原的免疫球蛋白,也是机体体液免疫的主要成分。随着科学技术的发展及对抗体研究的深入,抗体的应用领域不断扩展,可作为亲和配体或探针用于蛋白互相作用、蛋白与核酸相互作用、生物大分子定位与分布等研究...抗体是一类能特异性识别并结合抗原的免疫球蛋白,也是机体体液免疫的主要成分。随着科学技术的发展及对抗体研究的深入,抗体的应用领域不断扩展,可作为亲和配体或探针用于蛋白互相作用、蛋白与核酸相互作用、生物大分子定位与分布等研究,也可作为免疫抑制剂或治疗药物用于免疫性疾病、肿瘤、感染等疾病的治疗,还可结合各种标记技术用于疾病诊断、食品安全检测和环境监测。但传统抗体生产成本高、组织穿透力差、免疫排斥反应等缺点限制了其在疾病治疗等领域的广泛应用。近年来,科学家们致力于新型小分子抗体的寻找和研究,先后研制出嵌合抗体、小分子抗体、双特异性抗体等新型抗体。其中,纳米抗体(nanobody,Nb)又称重链可变区(variable heavy chain domain,VHH)抗体,是一种仅由一个重链可变区组成的单域抗体。纳米抗体保留了重链抗体完整的抗原结合能力,且具有分子质量小、组织穿透性强、抗原亲和力高、能识别隐藏表位、免疫原性低、结构稳定、水溶性好、生产成本低、易于产业化等优点,在疾病诊断、癌症和感染性疾病治疗、小分子药物及毒素残留检测等领域展现出巨大的应用前景。作者首先介绍了纳米抗体的特点,然后简述了纳米抗体的制备流程,重点综述了纳米抗体在疾病诊断、疾病治疗、食品安全和环境监测等领域的应用,最后对纳米抗体在兽医临床的应用前景进行了分析和展望。展开更多
Based on detailed core description and systematic joint test data,enrichment laws of continental shale oil have been examined deeply.Key technologies such as the identification and quantitative evaluation method for s...Based on detailed core description and systematic joint test data,enrichment laws of continental shale oil have been examined deeply.Key technologies such as the identification and quantitative evaluation method for sweet spot,precise design and tracking of horizontal well trajectory,and the low-cost horizontal well volume fracturing technology of the whole process"slick water+quartz sand"for continental shale oil have been formed.The research results show that the enrichment of pure continental shale oil of the Paleogene Kong 2 Member in Cangdong Sag is controlled by predominant fabric facies and cross-over effect of retained hydrocarbons jointly;and there are four modes of shale oil enrichment,i.e.laminar felsic,laminar mixed,thin-layer limy dolomitic,and thick-layer limy dolomitic shales.The identification and evaluation method for shale oil sweet spots can predict sweet spots accurately.The precise trajectory design for sweet spot layer and tracking-trajectory optimization while drilling by considering geological and engineering factors have been proved effective by field application,with drilling rate of sweet spots reaching 100%and drilling rate of type I sweet spots reaching over 75%.The whole process"slick water+quartz sand"low cost volume fracturing has been proved effective in creating multi-stage fracture network in the horizontal section,and improved productivity greatly.It can lower the comprehensive engineering cost by 26.4%.展开更多
Well Yinggu 1 drilled on the tectonic belt of the Wumaying buried-hill in Huanghua Depression obtained non-H2S high-yield oil and gas flow from the Permian Lower Shihezi Formation sandstone. The oil and gas are derive...Well Yinggu 1 drilled on the tectonic belt of the Wumaying buried-hill in Huanghua Depression obtained non-H2S high-yield oil and gas flow from the Permian Lower Shihezi Formation sandstone. The oil and gas are derived from the Upper Paleozoic coal source rock, the petroleum reservoir is an inner buried-hill primary oil and gas accumulation, showing a good prospect of the Paleozoic inner buried-hill primary reservoir exploration. The formation and accumulation of the primary petroleum reservoir in the Wumaying inner buried-hill are discussed by studying the primary source conditions, the inner buried-hill reservoir-cap combinations and the hydrocarbon accumulation period. The primary petroleum reservoir has three preponderant characteristics of accumulation: secondary large-scale gas generation of coal source rock, multi reservoir-cap combinations and mainly late hydrocarbon charging, which formed the compound hydrocarbon accumulation of the above-source sandstone and under-source carbonate rock in the Paleozoic inner buried-hill. Along with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic activities, the formation of the primary reservoir in Wumaying inner buried-hill is characterized by "mixed oil and gas charge in local parts in early stage, adjustment accumulation due to structural high migration in middle stage, and large-scale natural gas charge and compound accumulation in late stage".展开更多
文摘抗体是一类能特异性识别并结合抗原的免疫球蛋白,也是机体体液免疫的主要成分。随着科学技术的发展及对抗体研究的深入,抗体的应用领域不断扩展,可作为亲和配体或探针用于蛋白互相作用、蛋白与核酸相互作用、生物大分子定位与分布等研究,也可作为免疫抑制剂或治疗药物用于免疫性疾病、肿瘤、感染等疾病的治疗,还可结合各种标记技术用于疾病诊断、食品安全检测和环境监测。但传统抗体生产成本高、组织穿透力差、免疫排斥反应等缺点限制了其在疾病治疗等领域的广泛应用。近年来,科学家们致力于新型小分子抗体的寻找和研究,先后研制出嵌合抗体、小分子抗体、双特异性抗体等新型抗体。其中,纳米抗体(nanobody,Nb)又称重链可变区(variable heavy chain domain,VHH)抗体,是一种仅由一个重链可变区组成的单域抗体。纳米抗体保留了重链抗体完整的抗原结合能力,且具有分子质量小、组织穿透性强、抗原亲和力高、能识别隐藏表位、免疫原性低、结构稳定、水溶性好、生产成本低、易于产业化等优点,在疾病诊断、癌症和感染性疾病治疗、小分子药物及毒素残留检测等领域展现出巨大的应用前景。作者首先介绍了纳米抗体的特点,然后简述了纳米抗体的制备流程,重点综述了纳米抗体在疾病诊断、疾病治疗、食品安全和环境监测等领域的应用,最后对纳米抗体在兽医临床的应用前景进行了分析和展望。
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project(2018E-11)
文摘Based on detailed core description and systematic joint test data,enrichment laws of continental shale oil have been examined deeply.Key technologies such as the identification and quantitative evaluation method for sweet spot,precise design and tracking of horizontal well trajectory,and the low-cost horizontal well volume fracturing technology of the whole process"slick water+quartz sand"for continental shale oil have been formed.The research results show that the enrichment of pure continental shale oil of the Paleogene Kong 2 Member in Cangdong Sag is controlled by predominant fabric facies and cross-over effect of retained hydrocarbons jointly;and there are four modes of shale oil enrichment,i.e.laminar felsic,laminar mixed,thin-layer limy dolomitic,and thick-layer limy dolomitic shales.The identification and evaluation method for shale oil sweet spots can predict sweet spots accurately.The precise trajectory design for sweet spot layer and tracking-trajectory optimization while drilling by considering geological and engineering factors have been proved effective by field application,with drilling rate of sweet spots reaching 100%and drilling rate of type I sweet spots reaching over 75%.The whole process"slick water+quartz sand"low cost volume fracturing has been proved effective in creating multi-stage fracture network in the horizontal section,and improved productivity greatly.It can lower the comprehensive engineering cost by 26.4%.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project(2018E-11-02)
文摘Well Yinggu 1 drilled on the tectonic belt of the Wumaying buried-hill in Huanghua Depression obtained non-H2S high-yield oil and gas flow from the Permian Lower Shihezi Formation sandstone. The oil and gas are derived from the Upper Paleozoic coal source rock, the petroleum reservoir is an inner buried-hill primary oil and gas accumulation, showing a good prospect of the Paleozoic inner buried-hill primary reservoir exploration. The formation and accumulation of the primary petroleum reservoir in the Wumaying inner buried-hill are discussed by studying the primary source conditions, the inner buried-hill reservoir-cap combinations and the hydrocarbon accumulation period. The primary petroleum reservoir has three preponderant characteristics of accumulation: secondary large-scale gas generation of coal source rock, multi reservoir-cap combinations and mainly late hydrocarbon charging, which formed the compound hydrocarbon accumulation of the above-source sandstone and under-source carbonate rock in the Paleozoic inner buried-hill. Along with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic activities, the formation of the primary reservoir in Wumaying inner buried-hill is characterized by "mixed oil and gas charge in local parts in early stage, adjustment accumulation due to structural high migration in middle stage, and large-scale natural gas charge and compound accumulation in late stage".
