Radio frequency (RF) induction plasma was used to make free-standing deposition of molybdenum (Mo). The phenomena of particle melting, flattening, and stacking were investigated. The effect of process parameters such ...Radio frequency (RF) induction plasma was used to make free-standing deposition of molybdenum (Mo). The phenomena of particle melting, flattening, and stacking were investigated. The effect of process parameters such as plasma power, chamber pressure, and spray distance on the phenomena mentioned above was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the plasma-processed powder, splats formed, and deposits obtained. Experimental results show that less Mo particles are spheroidized when compared to the number of spheroidized tungsten (W) particles at the same powder feed rate under the same plasma spray condition. Molten Mo particles can be sufficiently flattened on substrate. The influence of the process parameters on the flattening behavior is not significant. Mo deposit is not as dense as W deposit, due to the splash and low impact of molten Mo particles. Oxidation of the Mo powder with a large particle size is not evident under the low pressure plasma spray.展开更多
Thermal spray, such as direct current （d.c.） plasma spray or radio frequency induced plasma spray, was used to deposit tungsten coatings on the copper electrodes of a tokamak device. The tungsten coating on the oute...Thermal spray, such as direct current （d.c.） plasma spray or radio frequency induced plasma spray, was used to deposit tungsten coatings on the copper electrodes of a tokamak device. The tungsten coating on the outer surface of one copper electrode was formed directly through d.c. plasma spraying of fine tungsten powder. The tungsten coating/lining on the inner surface of another copper electrode could be formed indirectly through induced plasma spraying of coarse tungsten powder. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was used to examine the cross section and the interface of the tungsten coating. Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray （EDAX） was used to analyze the metallic elements attached to a separated interface. The influence of the particle size of the tungsten powder on the density, cracking behavior and adhesion of the coating is discussed. It is found that the coarse tungsten powder with the particle size of 45-75μm can be melted and the coating can be formed only by using induced plasma. The coating deposited from the coarse powder has much higher cohesive strength, adhesive strength and crack resistance than the coating made from the fine powder with a particle size of 5μm.展开更多
Nanocrystalline powders of w(Al2O3)=95%, w(TiO2)=3%, and w(SiO2)=2%, were reprocessed into agglomerated particles for plasma spraying, by using consecutive steps of ball milling, slurry forming, spray drying, and heat...Nanocrystalline powders of w(Al2O3)=95%, w(TiO2)=3%, and w(SiO2)=2%, were reprocessed into agglomerated particles for plasma spraying, by using consecutive steps of ball milling, slurry forming, spray drying, and heat treatment. D. C. plasma was used to spray the agglomerated nanocrystalline powders, and resultant coatings were deposited on the substrate of stainless steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the agglomerated powders and the cross section of the alumina-titania-silica coatings. Exper-imental results show that the agglomerated nanocrystalline particles are spherical, with a size from (10 - 90)μm. The flow ability of the nanocrystalline powders is greatly improved after the reprocessing. The coatings deposited by the plasma spraying are mainly of nanostructure. Unlike conventional plasma-sprayed coatings, no laminar layer could be found in the nanostructured coatings. Although the nanostructured coatings have a lower microhardness than conventional microstructured coatings, the toughness of the nanostructured ceramic coatings is significantly improved.展开更多
Particle melting and substrate temperature are important in controlling deposited density and residual stress in thermal plasma deposition of refractory materials. In this paper, both the heating and cooling behaviour...Particle melting and substrate temperature are important in controlling deposited density and residual stress in thermal plasma deposition of refractory materials. In this paper, both the heating and cooling behaviours of tungsten particles inside a radio frequency inductively coupled plasma （ICP） and the plasma heat flux to the substrate were investigated. The distribution of the plasma-generated heat on device, powder injection probe, deposition chamber, and substrate was determined by measuring the water flow rate and the flow-in and flow-out water temperatures in the four parts. Substrate temperature was measured by a two-colour pyrometer during the ICP deposition of tungsten. Experimental results show that the heat flux to the substrate accounts for about 20% of the total plasma energy, the substrate temperature can reach as high as 2100 K, and the heat loss by radiation is significant in the plasma deposition of tungsten.展开更多
Ultrafine chromium oxide coatings were prepared by plasma spraying with ultrafine feedstock. Processing parameters of plasma spraying were optimized. Optical microscope （OM） was used to observe the microstructure of...Ultrafine chromium oxide coatings were prepared by plasma spraying with ultrafine feedstock. Processing parameters of plasma spraying were optimized. Optical microscope （OM） was used to observe the microstructure of the ultrafine chromium oxide coatings. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was used to observe the morphology and particle size of ultrafine powder feedstock as well as to examine the microstructure of the chromium oxide coating. In addition, hardness and bonding strength of the ultrafine chromium oxide coatings were measured. The results showed that the optimized plasma spraying parameters were suitable for ultrafine chromium oxide coating and the properties and microstructure of the optimized ultrafine chromium oxide coating were superior compared to conventional chromium oxide wear resistant coatings.展开更多
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) offer the potential to significantly improve efficiencies of aero engines as well as stationary gas turbines for power generation. On internally cooled turbine parts, temperature gradie...Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) offer the potential to significantly improve efficiencies of aero engines as well as stationary gas turbines for power generation. On internally cooled turbine parts, temperature gradients of the order of 100-150℃ can be achieved. TBCs, typically consisting of an yttrium stabilized zirconia top coat and a metallic bond coat deposited onto a superalloy substrate, are mainly used to extend lifetime. Further efficiency improvements require TBCs being an integral part of the component which requires reliable and predictable TBC performance. TBCs produced by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) or plasma spray (PS) deposition are favored for high performance applications. The paper highlights critical R&D needs for advanced TBC systems with a special focus on reduced thermal conductivity and life prediction needs. To further enhance the efficiency of gas turbines, higher temperature and a longer lifetime of the coating are needed for the next generation of TBCs. This paper presents the development of new materials, new deposition technologies, and new concept for application as novel TBCs. This paper summarizes the basic properties of conventional thermal barrier coatings. Based on our own investigation, we reviewed the progress on materials and technologies of novel thermal barrier coatings. Except yttria stabilized zirconia, other materials such as lanthanum zirconate and rare earth oxides are also promising materials for thermal barrier coatings. Nanostructure thermal barrier coating is presented as a new concept. This paper also summarizes the technologies for depositing the thermal barrier coatings.展开更多
Nanocrystalline powders of yttrium partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) are reprocessed into agglomerated feedstocks for plasma spraying thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), using the methods of ball milling, slurry dispe...Nanocrystalline powders of yttrium partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) are reprocessed into agglomerated feedstocks for plasma spraying thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), using the methods of ball milling, slurry dispersion, spray drying, and heat treatment. Atmospheric plasma is used to spray the agglomerated nanocrystalline particle feedstocks and coatings were deposited on the substrate of Ni-based superalloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the morphology and cross-section of the agglomerated feedstocks and the free-section and cross-section of the nanostructured TBCs. Experimental results show that the agglomerated nanocrystalline particles are spherical and dense. Unlike conventional plasma-sprayed coatings, the micron/nano/micron sandwich structure can be found in the nanostructured YPSZ coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying.展开更多
文摘Radio frequency (RF) induction plasma was used to make free-standing deposition of molybdenum (Mo). The phenomena of particle melting, flattening, and stacking were investigated. The effect of process parameters such as plasma power, chamber pressure, and spray distance on the phenomena mentioned above was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the plasma-processed powder, splats formed, and deposits obtained. Experimental results show that less Mo particles are spheroidized when compared to the number of spheroidized tungsten (W) particles at the same powder feed rate under the same plasma spray condition. Molten Mo particles can be sufficiently flattened on substrate. The influence of the process parameters on the flattening behavior is not significant. Mo deposit is not as dense as W deposit, due to the splash and low impact of molten Mo particles. Oxidation of the Mo powder with a large particle size is not evident under the low pressure plasma spray.
基金supported by the Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project
文摘Thermal spray, such as direct current （d.c.） plasma spray or radio frequency induced plasma spray, was used to deposit tungsten coatings on the copper electrodes of a tokamak device. The tungsten coating on the outer surface of one copper electrode was formed directly through d.c. plasma spraying of fine tungsten powder. The tungsten coating/lining on the inner surface of another copper electrode could be formed indirectly through induced plasma spraying of coarse tungsten powder. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was used to examine the cross section and the interface of the tungsten coating. Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray （EDAX） was used to analyze the metallic elements attached to a separated interface. The influence of the particle size of the tungsten powder on the density, cracking behavior and adhesion of the coating is discussed. It is found that the coarse tungsten powder with the particle size of 45-75μm can be melted and the coating can be formed only by using induced plasma. The coating deposited from the coarse powder has much higher cohesive strength, adhesive strength and crack resistance than the coating made from the fine powder with a particle size of 5μm.
基金This work was supported by the Prionrity Development Program of the Hunan Resources Ministry of China for Oversea Students.
文摘Nanocrystalline powders of w(Al2O3)=95%, w(TiO2)=3%, and w(SiO2)=2%, were reprocessed into agglomerated particles for plasma spraying, by using consecutive steps of ball milling, slurry forming, spray drying, and heat treatment. D. C. plasma was used to spray the agglomerated nanocrystalline powders, and resultant coatings were deposited on the substrate of stainless steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the agglomerated powders and the cross section of the alumina-titania-silica coatings. Exper-imental results show that the agglomerated nanocrystalline particles are spherical, with a size from (10 - 90)μm. The flow ability of the nanocrystalline powders is greatly improved after the reprocessing. The coatings deposited by the plasma spraying are mainly of nanostructure. Unlike conventional plasma-sprayed coatings, no laminar layer could be found in the nanostructured coatings. Although the nanostructured coatings have a lower microhardness than conventional microstructured coatings, the toughness of the nanostructured ceramic coatings is significantly improved.
文摘Particle melting and substrate temperature are important in controlling deposited density and residual stress in thermal plasma deposition of refractory materials. In this paper, both the heating and cooling behaviours of tungsten particles inside a radio frequency inductively coupled plasma （ICP） and the plasma heat flux to the substrate were investigated. The distribution of the plasma-generated heat on device, powder injection probe, deposition chamber, and substrate was determined by measuring the water flow rate and the flow-in and flow-out water temperatures in the four parts. Substrate temperature was measured by a two-colour pyrometer during the ICP deposition of tungsten. Experimental results show that the heat flux to the substrate accounts for about 20% of the total plasma energy, the substrate temperature can reach as high as 2100 K, and the heat loss by radiation is significant in the plasma deposition of tungsten.
文摘Ultrafine chromium oxide coatings were prepared by plasma spraying with ultrafine feedstock. Processing parameters of plasma spraying were optimized. Optical microscope （OM） was used to observe the microstructure of the ultrafine chromium oxide coatings. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was used to observe the morphology and particle size of ultrafine powder feedstock as well as to examine the microstructure of the chromium oxide coating. In addition, hardness and bonding strength of the ultrafine chromium oxide coatings were measured. The results showed that the optimized plasma spraying parameters were suitable for ultrafine chromium oxide coating and the properties and microstructure of the optimized ultrafine chromium oxide coating were superior compared to conventional chromium oxide wear resistant coatings.
基金Fundamental project of the Beijing general researchinstitute of mining and metallurgy (YG-2004 -27)
文摘Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) offer the potential to significantly improve efficiencies of aero engines as well as stationary gas turbines for power generation. On internally cooled turbine parts, temperature gradients of the order of 100-150℃ can be achieved. TBCs, typically consisting of an yttrium stabilized zirconia top coat and a metallic bond coat deposited onto a superalloy substrate, are mainly used to extend lifetime. Further efficiency improvements require TBCs being an integral part of the component which requires reliable and predictable TBC performance. TBCs produced by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) or plasma spray (PS) deposition are favored for high performance applications. The paper highlights critical R&D needs for advanced TBC systems with a special focus on reduced thermal conductivity and life prediction needs. To further enhance the efficiency of gas turbines, higher temperature and a longer lifetime of the coating are needed for the next generation of TBCs. This paper presents the development of new materials, new deposition technologies, and new concept for application as novel TBCs. This paper summarizes the basic properties of conventional thermal barrier coatings. Based on our own investigation, we reviewed the progress on materials and technologies of novel thermal barrier coatings. Except yttria stabilized zirconia, other materials such as lanthanum zirconate and rare earth oxides are also promising materials for thermal barrier coatings. Nanostructure thermal barrier coating is presented as a new concept. This paper also summarizes the technologies for depositing the thermal barrier coatings.
文摘Nanocrystalline powders of yttrium partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) are reprocessed into agglomerated feedstocks for plasma spraying thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), using the methods of ball milling, slurry dispersion, spray drying, and heat treatment. Atmospheric plasma is used to spray the agglomerated nanocrystalline particle feedstocks and coatings were deposited on the substrate of Ni-based superalloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the morphology and cross-section of the agglomerated feedstocks and the free-section and cross-section of the nanostructured TBCs. Experimental results show that the agglomerated nanocrystalline particles are spherical and dense. Unlike conventional plasma-sprayed coatings, the micron/nano/micron sandwich structure can be found in the nanostructured YPSZ coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying.
