To obtain more stable spectral data for accurate quantitative analysis of multi-element,especially for the large-area in-situ elements detection of soils, we propose a method for a multielement quantitative analysis o...To obtain more stable spectral data for accurate quantitative analysis of multi-element,especially for the large-area in-situ elements detection of soils, we propose a method for a multielement quantitative analysis of soils using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS) based on data filtering. In this study, we analyze a standard soil sample doped with two heavy metal elements, Cu and Cd, with a specific focus on the line of Cu I324.75 nm for filtering the experimental data of multiple sample sets. Pre-and post-data filtering,the relative standard deviation for Cu decreased from 30% to 10%, The limits of detection(LOD)values for Cu and Cd decreased by 5% and 4%, respectively. Through CF-LIBS, a quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the relative content of elements in soils. Using Cu as a reference, the concentration of Cd was accurately calculated. The results show that post-data filtering, the average relative error of the Cd decreases from 11% to 5%, indicating the effectiveness of data filtering in improving the accuracy of quantitative analysis. Moreover, the content of Si, Fe and other elements can be accurately calculated using this method. To further correct the calculation, the results for Cd was used to provide a more precise calculation. This approach is of great importance for the large-area in-situ heavy metals and trace elements detection in soil, as well as for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis.展开更多
This study proposes a batch rapid quantitative analysis method for multiple elements by combining the advantages of standard curve(SC)and calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS)technology to ach...This study proposes a batch rapid quantitative analysis method for multiple elements by combining the advantages of standard curve(SC)and calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS)technology to achieve synchronous,rapid,and accurate measurement of elements in a large number of samples,namely,SC-assisted CF-LIBS.Al alloy standard samples,divided into calibration and test samples,were applied to validate the proposed method.SC was built based on the characteristic line of Pb and Cr in the calibration sample,and the contents of Pb and Cr in the test sample were calculated with relative errors of 6%and 4%,respectively.SC built using Cr with multiple characteristic lines yielded better calculation results.The relative contents of ten elements in the test sample were calculated using CF-LIBS.Subsequently,the SC-assisted CF-LIBS was executed,with the majority of the calculation relative errors falling within the range of 2%-5%.Finally,the Al and Na contents of the Al alloy were predicted.The results demonstrate that it effectively enables the rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of multiple elements after a single-element SC analysis of the tested samples.Furthermore,this quantitative analysis method was successfully applied to soil and Astragalus samples,realizing an accurate calculation of the contents of multiple elements.Thus,it is important to advance the LIBS quantitative analysis and its related applications.展开更多
The electron-impact single ionization cross section for W8+ion has been calculated using flexible atomic code,employing the level-to-level distorted-wave approximation.This calculations takes into account contribution...The electron-impact single ionization cross section for W8+ion has been calculated using flexible atomic code,employing the level-to-level distorted-wave approximation.This calculations takes into account contributions form both direct ionization(DI)and excitation autoionization(EA).However,the theoretical predictions,based solely on the ground state,tends to underestimate the experimental values.This discrepancy can be mitigated by incorporation contributions from excited states.We extended the theoretical analysis,including the contributions from the long-lived metastable states with lifetimes exceeding 1.5×10-5 s.We employed two statistical models to predict the fraction of ground state ions in the parent ion beam.Assuming a 79%fraction of parent ions in ground configuration,the experiment measurements align with the predictions.Furthermore we derived the theoretical cross-section for the ground state as correlated plasma rate coefficients,and compared it with existing data.Despite the uncertainty in our calculations,our results are still acceptable.展开更多
The angular distribution and polarization of the x-ray photoemission of highly charged helium-like ions is studied following the K-LL dielectronic recombination of initially hydrogen-like ions.Calculation is carried o...The angular distribution and polarization of the x-ray photoemission of highly charged helium-like ions is studied following the K-LL dielectronic recombination of initially hydrogen-like ions.Calculation is carried out within the framework of the density matrix theory combined with the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock approach.Attention is paid to magnetic sublevel alignment in the resonant intermediate state and to its nonuniform radiative decay processes.It is shown that the Breit interaction between the incident and target electrons plays a significant role for the alignment of the resonant state and thus causes a substantial change in the x-ray emission characteristic,when compared to the incorporation of only the(non-relativistic)Coulomb interaction.The most prominent difference in alignment parameter is found in the 2s2p_(1/2) J=1 resonant state for a wide range of atomic numbers from 9 to 92.For this resonant state of helium-like ions,the Breit interaction becomes significant for ions with nuclear charge Z~30 already.展开更多
In the framework of multi-configuration Dirac-Fock theory, a detailed calculation is performed for the decay rates and the energies of the doubly excited 2s^2 ^1So state of He-like ions, of which atomic number Z range...In the framework of multi-configuration Dirac-Fock theory, a detailed calculation is performed for the decay rates and the energies of the doubly excited 2s^2 ^1So state of He-like ions, of which atomic number Z ranges from 6 to 92. The 2s^2 ^1So - ls ^2S1/2 Auger decay is predominant at low Z regime, whereas the 2s^2 ^1So - 1s2p ^1,3P1 two-electron one-photon transitions become quite important in moderate and high Z regimes. For heavy ions with Z ≥ 72, the contribution of 2s^2 ^1So - 1s2s ^3S1 M1 transition is significant. The Breit interaction considerably enhances the 2s^2 ^1So - 1s ^2S1/2 Auger rate at high Z regime.展开更多
The x-ray energies and transition rates associated with single and double electron radiative transitions from the double K hole state 2s2p to the 1s2s and 1s^2 configurations of 11 selected He-like ions(10 ≤ Z ≤ 47)...The x-ray energies and transition rates associated with single and double electron radiative transitions from the double K hole state 2s2p to the 1s2s and 1s^2 configurations of 11 selected He-like ions(10 ≤ Z ≤ 47) are calculated using the fully relativistic multi-configuration Dirac–Fock method(MCDF). An appropriate electron correlation model is constructed with the aid of the active space method, which allows the electron correlation effects to be studied efficiently. The contributions of the electron correlation and the Breit interaction to the transition properties are analyzed in detail. It is found that the two-electron one-photon(TEOP) transition is correlation sensitive. The Breit interaction and electron correlation both contribute significantly to the radiative transition properties of the double K hole state of the He-like ions. Good agreement between the present calculation and previous work is achieved. The calculated data will be helpful to future investigations on double K hole decay processes of He-like ions.展开更多
Debye-screening effects on the electron-impact excitation(EIE)processes for the dipole-allowed transition 1 s_(2)^(1)S→1 s2 p^(1)P in He-like Al^(11+)and Fe^(24+)ions are investigated using the fully relativistic dis...Debye-screening effects on the electron-impact excitation(EIE)processes for the dipole-allowed transition 1 s_(2)^(1)S→1 s2 p^(1)P in He-like Al^(11+)and Fe^(24+)ions are investigated using the fully relativistic distorted-wave methods with the Debye-Huckel(DH)model potential.Debye-screening effects on the continuum-bound(CB)interaction and target ion are discussed,both of which result in reduction of EIE cross sections.This reduction due to screening on the CB interaction is dominant.The non-spherical and spherical DH potentials are adopted for considering the screening effect on the CB interaction.It is found that the spherical DH potential could significantly overestimate the influence of plasma screening on EIE cross sections for multielectron He-like ions.展开更多
The mass-and field-shift parameters of the two 2s^(2)S_(1/2)→ 2p^(2)P_(1/2,3/2) transitions in the Li-like Ca ions are calculated by using multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock(MCDHF) and the relativistic configurat...The mass-and field-shift parameters of the two 2s^(2)S_(1/2)→ 2p^(2)P_(1/2,3/2) transitions in the Li-like Ca ions are calculated by using multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock(MCDHF) and the relativistic configuration interaction(RCI) methods with the inclusion of the transverse photon(Breit) interaction,vacuum polarization and self-energy corrections.In addition,the mass shift and field shift of these two transitions are calculated,where the field shift is calculated by using the evaluated value δ(r^(2)) obtained by [Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 99 69(2013)].It is found that the mass shift of Li-like Ca ions is greater than the field shift.展开更多
Using the Debye shielding model, the effects of plasma shielding on the dielectronic recombination processes of the H-like helium ions are investigated.It is found that plasma shielding causes a remarkable change in t...Using the Debye shielding model, the effects of plasma shielding on the dielectronic recombination processes of the H-like helium ions are investigated.It is found that plasma shielding causes a remarkable change in the Auger decay rate of the doubly excited 2p2 3P2 state.As a result,the dielectronic recombination cross sections from the doubly excited 2p2 3p2 state increases with the decreasing Debye shielding length.展开更多
The partial and total photorecombination cross sections of the ground-state C V ion in the KLL and KLM resonant energy regions were calculated in detail by using the Dirac atomic R-matrix code based on a fully relativ...The partial and total photorecombination cross sections of the ground-state C V ion in the KLL and KLM resonant energy regions were calculated in detail by using the Dirac atomic R-matrix code based on a fully relativistic R-matrix method. Meanwhile, the principal resonant lines in each photorecombination channel have been classified according to the calculated transition energies and probabilities from the KLL and KLM resonant states to the 1s2nl（n = 2, 3 and l = s, p, d）final states. The validity of these calculations is assessed by comparison with previously published experimental and theoretical data. The good agreement between the present calculated results and those obtained using different approaches confirms the accuracy of the present results. In addition, it is found that the damping effect can be neglected for the KLL resonant, but not for the KLM resonant.展开更多
Based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method, this paper has made theoretical calculations for the dielectronic recombination cross-sections and the high-n dielectronic satellites to Kα resonance line in helium...Based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method, this paper has made theoretical calculations for the dielectronic recombination cross-sections and the high-n dielectronic satellites to Kα resonance line in helium-like aluminium ions. It is found that high-n dielectronic satellites are seriously mixed with resonance line, which leads to a significant increase in both the apparent width and the intensity of Kα resonance line. They also induce a positional shift of Kα resonance line.展开更多
The multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method is employed to calculate the energy levels and transition probabilities for the electric dipole allowed (El) and forbidden (M1,E2) lines for the 4s^(2) 4p,4s4p^(2) and 4s^(2) ...The multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method is employed to calculate the energy levels and transition probabilities for the electric dipole allowed (El) and forbidden (M1,E2) lines for the 4s^(2) 4p,4s4p^(2) and 4s^(2) 4d configurations of highly charged Ga-like ions from Z =68-95.The lifetimes of the 4s^(2) 4p^(2) P3/2 level of the ground configuration are also derived.Based on our calculations,it is found that the energy level of the 4s2 4p 2P3/2 is higher than that of the 4s4p24P1/2 for the high-Z Ga-like ions with Z ≥ 74,so as to generate an energy crossing at Z =74.The effect of the energy crossing is important to the calculation of the 4s^(2) 4p^(2) P3/2 level lifetime for Ga-like ions with Z≥ 74.展开更多
This paper reports the results of spectral measurements and a theoretical analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution of laser-produced Cu plasma in vacuum in the range of 8–14 nm.The time dependence of the extrem...This paper reports the results of spectral measurements and a theoretical analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution of laser-produced Cu plasma in vacuum in the range of 8–14 nm.The time dependence of the extreme ultraviolet band spectrum at different positions near the target surface was obtained and found to be dominated by three broad-band features.The 3p and 3d excitations of Cu5+–Cu9+ions were calculated using the Hartree–Fock theory with configuration interactions.The characteristics of the spectral line distribution for the 3p–nd and 3d–nf transition arrays were analyzed.Based on the steady-state collisional radiation model and the normalized Boltzmann distribution,the complex spectral structure in the band of 13–14 nm is accurately explained through consistency comparisons and benchmarking between the experimental and theoretical simulation spectra,demonstrating that the structure mainly stems from the overlapping contribution of the 3d–4f and 3p–3d transition arrays for the Cu5+–Cu9+ions.These results may help in studying the radiation characteristics of isoelectronic series highly-charged ions involving the 3d excitation process.展开更多
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(No.22ZD6FA021-5)the Industrial Support Project of Gansu Province(Nos.2023CYZC-19 and 2021CYZC-22)the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(Nos.23YFFA0074,22JR5RA137 and 22JR5RA151).
文摘To obtain more stable spectral data for accurate quantitative analysis of multi-element,especially for the large-area in-situ elements detection of soils, we propose a method for a multielement quantitative analysis of soils using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS) based on data filtering. In this study, we analyze a standard soil sample doped with two heavy metal elements, Cu and Cd, with a specific focus on the line of Cu I324.75 nm for filtering the experimental data of multiple sample sets. Pre-and post-data filtering,the relative standard deviation for Cu decreased from 30% to 10%, The limits of detection(LOD)values for Cu and Cd decreased by 5% and 4%, respectively. Through CF-LIBS, a quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the relative content of elements in soils. Using Cu as a reference, the concentration of Cd was accurately calculated. The results show that post-data filtering, the average relative error of the Cd decreases from 11% to 5%, indicating the effectiveness of data filtering in improving the accuracy of quantitative analysis. Moreover, the content of Si, Fe and other elements can be accurately calculated using this method. To further correct the calculation, the results for Cd was used to provide a more precise calculation. This approach is of great importance for the large-area in-situ heavy metals and trace elements detection in soil, as well as for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis.
基金supported by the Major Science and TechnologyTechnol-ogy Projects in Gansu Province(No.22ZD6FA021-5)Industrial Support Project of Gansu Province(Nos.2023CYZC-19 and 2021CYZC-22)+1 种基金Science and Technol-ogy Project of Gansu Province(Nos.23YFFA0074,22JR5RA137,and 22JR5RA151)Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Fund Projects(No.23ZYQA293).
文摘This study proposes a batch rapid quantitative analysis method for multiple elements by combining the advantages of standard curve(SC)and calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS)technology to achieve synchronous,rapid,and accurate measurement of elements in a large number of samples,namely,SC-assisted CF-LIBS.Al alloy standard samples,divided into calibration and test samples,were applied to validate the proposed method.SC was built based on the characteristic line of Pb and Cr in the calibration sample,and the contents of Pb and Cr in the test sample were calculated with relative errors of 6%and 4%,respectively.SC built using Cr with multiple characteristic lines yielded better calculation results.The relative contents of ten elements in the test sample were calculated using CF-LIBS.Subsequently,the SC-assisted CF-LIBS was executed,with the majority of the calculation relative errors falling within the range of 2%-5%.Finally,the Al and Na contents of the Al alloy were predicted.The results demonstrate that it effectively enables the rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of multiple elements after a single-element SC analysis of the tested samples.Furthermore,this quantitative analysis method was successfully applied to soil and Astragalus samples,realizing an accurate calculation of the contents of multiple elements.Thus,it is important to advance the LIBS quantitative analysis and its related applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12364034)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1602501)the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.23YFFA0074).
文摘The electron-impact single ionization cross section for W8+ion has been calculated using flexible atomic code,employing the level-to-level distorted-wave approximation.This calculations takes into account contributions form both direct ionization(DI)and excitation autoionization(EA).However,the theoretical predictions,based solely on the ground state,tends to underestimate the experimental values.This discrepancy can be mitigated by incorporation contributions from excited states.We extended the theoretical analysis,including the contributions from the long-lived metastable states with lifetimes exceeding 1.5×10-5 s.We employed two statistical models to predict the fraction of ground state ions in the parent ion beam.Assuming a 79%fraction of parent ions in ground configuration,the experiment measurements align with the predictions.Furthermore we derived the theoretical cross-section for the ground state as correlated plasma rate coefficients,and compared it with existing data.Despite the uncertainty in our calculations,our results are still acceptable.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11274254,91126007,10964010,11264033,and 11147018.
文摘The angular distribution and polarization of the x-ray photoemission of highly charged helium-like ions is studied following the K-LL dielectronic recombination of initially hydrogen-like ions.Calculation is carried out within the framework of the density matrix theory combined with the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock approach.Attention is paid to magnetic sublevel alignment in the resonant intermediate state and to its nonuniform radiative decay processes.It is shown that the Breit interaction between the incident and target electrons plays a significant role for the alignment of the resonant state and thus causes a substantial change in the x-ray emission characteristic,when compared to the incorporation of only the(non-relativistic)Coulomb interaction.The most prominent difference in alignment parameter is found in the 2s2p_(1/2) J=1 resonant state for a wide range of atomic numbers from 9 to 92.For this resonant state of helium-like ions,the Breit interaction becomes significant for ions with nuclear charge Z~30 already.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10376026 and 10434100, the Foundation for the Excellent Youth Scholars of the Ministry of Education of China.
文摘In the framework of multi-configuration Dirac-Fock theory, a detailed calculation is performed for the decay rates and the energies of the doubly excited 2s^2 ^1So state of He-like ions, of which atomic number Z ranges from 6 to 92. The 2s^2 ^1So - ls ^2S1/2 Auger decay is predominant at low Z regime, whereas the 2s^2 ^1So - 1s2p ^1,3P1 two-electron one-photon transitions become quite important in moderate and high Z regimes. For heavy ions with Z ≥ 72, the contribution of 2s^2 ^1So - 1s2s ^3S1 M1 transition is significant. The Breit interaction considerably enhances the 2s^2 ^1So - 1s ^2S1/2 Auger rate at high Z regime.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1832126 and 11874051)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0402300)。
文摘The x-ray energies and transition rates associated with single and double electron radiative transitions from the double K hole state 2s2p to the 1s2s and 1s^2 configurations of 11 selected He-like ions(10 ≤ Z ≤ 47) are calculated using the fully relativistic multi-configuration Dirac–Fock method(MCDF). An appropriate electron correlation model is constructed with the aid of the active space method, which allows the electron correlation effects to be studied efficiently. The contributions of the electron correlation and the Breit interaction to the transition properties are analyzed in detail. It is found that the two-electron one-photon(TEOP) transition is correlation sensitive. The Breit interaction and electron correlation both contribute significantly to the radiative transition properties of the double K hole state of the He-like ions. Good agreement between the present calculation and previous work is achieved. The calculated data will be helpful to future investigations on double K hole decay processes of He-like ions.
基金Project supported by the Science Challenge Project(Grant No.TZ2016001)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grants Nos.2017YFA0403200 and 2017YFA0402300)+1 种基金the Funds for Innovative Fundamental Research Group Project of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.20JR5RA541)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.11774037 and 12064041)。
文摘Debye-screening effects on the electron-impact excitation(EIE)processes for the dipole-allowed transition 1 s_(2)^(1)S→1 s2 p^(1)P in He-like Al^(11+)and Fe^(24+)ions are investigated using the fully relativistic distorted-wave methods with the Debye-Huckel(DH)model potential.Debye-screening effects on the continuum-bound(CB)interaction and target ion are discussed,both of which result in reduction of EIE cross sections.This reduction due to screening on the CB interaction is dominant.The non-spherical and spherical DH potentials are adopted for considering the screening effect on the CB interaction.It is found that the spherical DH potential could significantly overestimate the influence of plasma screening on EIE cross sections for multielectron He-like ions.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11864036)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.20JR5RA541)。
文摘The mass-and field-shift parameters of the two 2s^(2)S_(1/2)→ 2p^(2)P_(1/2,3/2) transitions in the Li-like Ca ions are calculated by using multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock(MCDHF) and the relativistic configuration interaction(RCI) methods with the inclusion of the transverse photon(Breit) interaction,vacuum polarization and self-energy corrections.In addition,the mass shift and field shift of these two transitions are calculated,where the field shift is calculated by using the evaluated value δ(r^(2)) obtained by [Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 99 69(2013)].It is found that the mass shift of Li-like Ca ions is greater than the field shift.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No 2017YFA0402300the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11864036,11564036 and 11774292
文摘Using the Debye shielding model, the effects of plasma shielding on the dielectronic recombination processes of the H-like helium ions are investigated.It is found that plasma shielding causes a remarkable change in the Auger decay rate of the doubly excited 2p2 3P2 state.As a result,the dielectronic recombination cross sections from the doubly excited 2p2 3p2 state increases with the decreasing Debye shielding length.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11274254,U1332206,and U1331122)the International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Project of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.1104WCGA186)
文摘The partial and total photorecombination cross sections of the ground-state C V ion in the KLL and KLM resonant energy regions were calculated in detail by using the Dirac atomic R-matrix code based on a fully relativistic R-matrix method. Meanwhile, the principal resonant lines in each photorecombination channel have been classified according to the calculated transition energies and probabilities from the KLL and KLM resonant states to the 1s2nl（n = 2, 3 and l = s, p, d）final states. The validity of these calculations is assessed by comparison with previously published experimental and theoretical data. The good agreement between the present calculated results and those obtained using different approaches confirms the accuracy of the present results. In addition, it is found that the damping effect can be neglected for the KLL resonant, but not for the KLM resonant.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 10376026 and 10434100）, and the Foundation of Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics of National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator of Lanzhou, China.
文摘Based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method, this paper has made theoretical calculations for the dielectronic recombination cross-sections and the high-n dielectronic satellites to Kα resonance line in helium-like aluminium ions. It is found that high-n dielectronic satellites are seriously mixed with resonance line, which leads to a significant increase in both the apparent width and the intensity of Kα resonance line. They also induce a positional shift of Kα resonance line.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10876028,10847007 and 10964010the Scientific Research Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Gansu Province.
文摘The multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method is employed to calculate the energy levels and transition probabilities for the electric dipole allowed (El) and forbidden (M1,E2) lines for the 4s^(2) 4p,4s4p^(2) and 4s^(2) 4d configurations of highly charged Ga-like ions from Z =68-95.The lifetimes of the 4s^(2) 4p^(2) P3/2 level of the ground configuration are also derived.Based on our calculations,it is found that the energy level of the 4s2 4p 2P3/2 is higher than that of the 4s4p24P1/2 for the high-Z Ga-like ions with Z ≥ 74,so as to generate an energy crossing at Z =74.The effect of the energy crossing is important to the calculation of the 4s^(2) 4p^(2) P3/2 level lifetime for Ga-like ions with Z≥ 74.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12064040,11874051,11904293,11864036)the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(Nos.21JR7RA122,20JR5RA530)the Funds for Innovative Fundamental Research Group Project of Gansu Province(No.20JR5RA541)。
文摘This paper reports the results of spectral measurements and a theoretical analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution of laser-produced Cu plasma in vacuum in the range of 8–14 nm.The time dependence of the extreme ultraviolet band spectrum at different positions near the target surface was obtained and found to be dominated by three broad-band features.The 3p and 3d excitations of Cu5+–Cu9+ions were calculated using the Hartree–Fock theory with configuration interactions.The characteristics of the spectral line distribution for the 3p–nd and 3d–nf transition arrays were analyzed.Based on the steady-state collisional radiation model and the normalized Boltzmann distribution,the complex spectral structure in the band of 13–14 nm is accurately explained through consistency comparisons and benchmarking between the experimental and theoretical simulation spectra,demonstrating that the structure mainly stems from the overlapping contribution of the 3d–4f and 3p–3d transition arrays for the Cu5+–Cu9+ions.These results may help in studying the radiation characteristics of isoelectronic series highly-charged ions involving the 3d excitation process.
