Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts...Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts.TMPs have been produced in various morphologies,including hollow and porous nanostructures,which are features deemed desirable for electrocatalytic materials.Templated synthesis routes are often responsible for such morphologies.This paper reviews the latest advances and existing challenges in the synthesis of TMP-based OER and HER catalysts through templated methods.A comprehensive review of the structure-property-performance of TMP-based HER and OER catalysts prepared using different templates is presented.The discussion proceeds according to application,first by HER and further divided among the types of templates used-from hard templates,sacrificial templates,and soft templates to the emerging dynamic hydrogen bubble template.OER catalysts are then reviewed and grouped according to their morphology.Finally,prospective research directions for the synthesis of hollow and porous TMP-based catalysts,such as improvements on both activity and stability of TMPs,design of environmentally benign templates and processes,and analysis of the reaction mechanism through advanced material characterization techniques and theoretical calculations,are suggested.展开更多
Green hydrogen(H_(2))produced by renewable energy powered alkaline water electrolysis is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high energy density with zero-carbon emissions.However,efficient and economic...Green hydrogen(H_(2))produced by renewable energy powered alkaline water electrolysis is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high energy density with zero-carbon emissions.However,efficient and economic H_(2) production by alkaline water electrolysis is hindered by the sluggish hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Therefore,it is imperative to design and fabricate high-active and low-cost non-precious metal catalysts to improve the HER and OER performance,which affects the energy efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis.Ni_(3)S_(2) with the heazlewoodite structure is a potential electrocatalyst with near-metal conductivity due to the Ni–Ni metal network.Here,the review comprehensively presents the recent progress of Ni_(3)S_(2)-based electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrocatalysis.Herein,the HER and OER mechanisms,performance evaluation criteria,preparation methods,and strategies for performance improvement of Ni_(3)S_(2)-based electrocatalysts are discussed.The challenges and perspectives are also analyzed.展开更多
Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-...Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.展开更多
Oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are the key reactions in numerous renewable energy devices. Unlike conventional powdered catalysts, self-supported catalysts are extensively employed i...Oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are the key reactions in numerous renewable energy devices. Unlike conventional powdered catalysts, self-supported catalysts are extensively employed in oxygen electrocatalysis because of the enhanced electron-transfer rate, high specific surface area, and superior mechanical flexibility. Among the self-supported conductive substrates, carbon fiber usually exhibits several distinctive advantages, such as a straightforward preparation process, relatively low cost, good stability, and excellent conductivity. Against this background,carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts have been widely applied and studied in oxygen electrocatalysis, indicating a promising development direction in oxygen electrocatalyst research.Thus, it is essential to offer an overall summary of the research progress in this field to facilitate its subsequent development. Taking the regulatory mechanisms and modification methods as a starting point, this review comprehensively summarizes recent research on carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts in recent years. Firstly, a brief overview of the synthesis methods and regulatory mechanisms of carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts is given. Furthermore, the view also highlights the modification methods and research progress of self-supported electrocatalysts synthesized on carbon fiber-based substrates in recent years in terms of different dopant atoms. Finally, the prospects for the application of self-supported electrocatalysts based on carbon fiber in oxygen electrocatalysis and the possible future directions of their development are presented. This review summarizes recent developments and applications of self-supported bi-functional electrocatalysts with carbon fiber-based materials as the conducting substrate in oxygen electrocatalysis. It also lays a robust scientific foundation for the subsequent reasonable design of highly effective carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts.展开更多
Nucleation of lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)induced by electrocatalysts plays a crucial role in mitigating the shut-tle effect.However,short-chain polysulfides on electrocatalysts surfaces tend to re-dissolve into elec-trol...Nucleation of lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)induced by electrocatalysts plays a crucial role in mitigating the shut-tle effect.However,short-chain polysulfides on electrocatalysts surfaces tend to re-dissolve into elec-trolytes,delaying Li_(2)S supersaturation and its nucleation.In this study,we draw inspiration from the ribosome-driven protein synthesis process in cells to prepare ultrasmall nitrogen-doped MoS_(2) nanocrys-tals anchored on porous nitrogen-doped carbon networks(N-MoS_(2)-NC)electrocatalysts.Excitedly,the ex-situ SEM demonstrates that ribosome-inspired N-MoS_(2)-NC electrocatalysts induce early nucleation and rapid growth of three-dimensional Li_(2)s during discharge.Theoretical calculations reveal that the Li-s bond length in N-MoS_(2)-Li_(2)S(100)is shorter,and the corresponding interfacial formation energy is lower than in MoS_(2)-Li_(2)S(100).This accelerated conversion of lithium polysulfides to Li_(2)S can enhance the utilization of active substances and inhibit the shuttle effect.This study highlights the potential of ribosome-inspired N-MoS_(2)-NC in improving the electrochemical stability of Li-S batteries,providing valuable insights for future electrocatalyst design.展开更多
Ammonia(NH_(3))is an important raw material for modern agriculture and industry,being widely demanded to sustain the sustainable development of modern society.Currently,the industrial production methods of NH_(3),such...Ammonia(NH_(3))is an important raw material for modern agriculture and industry,being widely demanded to sustain the sustainable development of modern society.Currently,the industrial production methods of NH_(3),such as the traditional Haber-Bosch process,have drawbacks including high energy consumption and significant carbon dioxide emissions.In recent years,the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)powered by intermittent renewable energy sources has gradually become a multidisciplinary research hotspot,as it allows for the efficient synthesis of NH_(3)under mild conditions.In this review,we focus on the research of electrocatalysts with atomic-level site,which have attracted attention due to their extremely high atomic utilization efficiency and unique structural characteristics in the field of NO_(3)RR.Firstly,we introduce the mechanism of nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis and discuss the in-situ characterization techniques related to the mechanism study.Secondly,we review the progress of the electrocatalysts with atomic-level site for nitrate reduction and explore the structure-activity relationship to guide the rational design of efficient catalysts.Lastly,the conclusions of this review and the challenges and prospective of this promising field are presented.展开更多
The increasing focus on electrocatalysis for sustainable hydrogen(H_(2))production has prompted significant interest in MXenes,a class of two-dimensional(2D)materials comprising metal carbides,carbonitrides,and nitrid...The increasing focus on electrocatalysis for sustainable hydrogen(H_(2))production has prompted significant interest in MXenes,a class of two-dimensional(2D)materials comprising metal carbides,carbonitrides,and nitrides.These materials exhibit intriguing chemical and physical properties,including excellent electrical conductivity and a large surface area,making them attractive candidates for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).This scientific review explores recent advancements in MXene-based electrocatalysts for HER kinetics.It discusses various compositions,functionalities,and explicit design principles while providing a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods,exceptional properties,and electro-catalytic approaches for H_(2) production via electrochemical reactions.Furthermore,challenges and future prospects in designing MXenes-based electrocatalysts with enhanced kinetics are highlighted,emphasizing the potential of incorporating different metals to expand the scope of electrochemical reactions.This review suggests possible efforts for developing advanced MXenes-based electrocatalysts,particularly for efficient H_(2) generation through electrochemical water-splitting reactions..展开更多
Carbon-based metal-free nanomaterials are promising alternatives to precious metals as electrocatalysts of key energy storage and conversion technologies.Of paramount significance are the establishment of design princi...Carbon-based metal-free nanomaterials are promising alternatives to precious metals as electrocatalysts of key energy storage and conversion technologies.Of paramount significance are the establishment of design principles by understanding the catalytic mechanisms and identifying the active sites.Distinct from sp2-conjugated graphene and carbon nanotube,fullerene possesses unique characteristics that are growingly being discovered and exploited by the electrocatalysis community.For instance,the well-defined atomic and molecular structures,the good electron affinity to tune the electronic structures of other substances,the intermolecular self-assembly into superlattices,and the on-demand chemical modification have endowed fullerene with incomparable advantages as electrocatalysts that are otherwise not applicable to other carbon ma-terials.As increasing studies are being reported on this intriguing topic,it is necessary to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the recent progress.This review takes such an initiative by summarizing the promises and challenges in the electrocatalytic applications of fullerene and its derivatives.The content is structured according to the composition and structure of fullerene,including intact fullerene(e.g.,fullerene composite and superlattices)and fullerene derivatives(e.g.,doped,endohedral,and disintegrated fullerene).The synthesis,characterization,catalytic mechanisms,and deficiencies of these fullerene-based materials are explicitly elaborated.We conclude it by sharing our perspectives on the key aspects that future efforts shall consider.展开更多
Rechargeable lithium-oxygen(Li-O_(2))batteries have attracted wide attention due to their high energy density.However,the sluggish cathode kinetics results in high overvoltage and poor cycling performance.Ruthenium(Ru...Rechargeable lithium-oxygen(Li-O_(2))batteries have attracted wide attention due to their high energy density.However,the sluggish cathode kinetics results in high overvoltage and poor cycling performance.Ruthenium(Ru)-based electrocatalysts have been demonstrated to be promising cathode catalysts to promote oxygen evolution reaction(OER).It facilitates decomposition of lithium peroxide(Li_(2)O_(2))by adjusting Li_(2)O_(2) morphologies,which is due to the strong interaction between Ru-based catalyst and superoxide anion(O_(2))intermediate.In this review,the design strategies of Ru-based electrocatalysts are introduced to enhance their OER catalytic kinetics in Li-O_(2) batteries.Different configurations of Ru-based catalysts,including metal particles(Ru metal and alloys),single-atom catalysts,and Ru-loaded compounds with various substrates(carbon materials,metal oxides/sulfides),have been summarized to regulate the electronic structure and the matrix architecture of the Ru-based electrocatalysts.The structure-property relationship of Ru-based catalysts is discussed for a better understanding of the Li_(2)O_(2) decomposition mechanism at the cathode interface.Finally,the challenges of Ru-based electrocatalysts are proposed for the future development of Li-O_(2) batteries.展开更多
Oxygen electrocatalysts are of great importance for the air electrode in zinc-air batteries(ZABs).Owing to the high specific surface area,controllable pore size and unsaturated metal active sites,metal-organic framewo...Oxygen electrocatalysts are of great importance for the air electrode in zinc-air batteries(ZABs).Owing to the high specific surface area,controllable pore size and unsaturated metal active sites,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)derivatives have been widely studied as oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs.To date,many strategies have been developed to generate efficient oxygen electrocatalysts from MOFs for improving the performance of ZABs.In this review,the latest progress of the MOF-derived non-noble metal-oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs is reviewed.The performance of these MOF-derived catalysts toward oxygen reduction,and oxygen evolution reactions is discussed based on the categories of metal-free carbon materials,single-atom catalysts,metal cluster/carbon composites and metal compound/carbon composites.Moreover,we provide a comprehensive overview on the design strategies of various MOF-derived non-noble metal-oxygen electrocatalysts and their structure-performance relationship.Finally,the challenges and perspectives are provided for further advancing the MOF-derived oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs.展开更多
To date,much efforts have been devoted to the high-efficiency noble metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen-and oxygen-involving energy conversion reactions,due to their abundance,low cost and nultifunctionally.Surfa...To date,much efforts have been devoted to the high-efficiency noble metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen-and oxygen-involving energy conversion reactions,due to their abundance,low cost and nultifunctionally.Surface/interface engineering is found to be effective in achieving novel physicochemical properties and synergistic effects in nanomaterials for electrocatalysis.Among various engineering strategies,heteroatom-doping has been regarded as a most promising method to improve the electrocatalytic performance via the regulation of electronic structure of catalysts,and numerous works were reported on the synthesis method and mechanism investigation of heteroatom-doping electrocatalysts,though the heteroatom-doping can only provide limited active sites.Engineering of other defects such as vacancies and edge sites and construction of heterostructure have shown to open up a potential avenue for the development of noble metal-free electrocatalysts.In addition,surface functionalization can attach various molecules onto the surface of materials to easily modify their physical or chemical properties,being as a promising complement or substitute for offering materials with catalytic properties.This paper gives the insights into the diverse strategies of surface/interface engineering of the highefficiency noble metal-free electrocatalysts for energy-related electrochemical reactions.The significant advances are summarized.The unique advantages and mechanisms for specific applications are highlighted.The current challenges and outlook of this growing field are also discussed.展开更多
The realization of efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is critical to the development of multiple sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, especially hydrogen production via water electrolysis. To ...The realization of efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is critical to the development of multiple sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, especially hydrogen production via water electrolysis. To achieve the massive application of hydrogen energy and mass-scale hydrogen production from water splitting drives the pursuit of competent precious-metal-free electrocatalysts in acidic media, where the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is more facilitated. However, the development of high-efficient and acid-stable OER electrocatalysts, which are robust to function stably at high oxidation potentials in the acidic electrolyte, remains a great challenge. This article contributes a focused, perceptive review of the up-to-date approaches toward this emerging research field. The OER reaction mechanism and fundamental requirements for oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acid are introduced. Then the progress and new discoveries of precious-metal-free active materials and design concepts with regard to the improvement of the intrinsic OER activity are discussed. Finally, the existing scientific challenges and the outlooks for future research directions to the fabrication of emerging, earth-abundant OER electrocatalysts in acid are pointed out.展开更多
Metal-air batteries,like Zn-air batteries(ZABs)are usually suffered from low energy conversion efficiency and poor cyclability caused by the sluggish OER and ORR at the air cathode.Herein,a novel bimetallic Co/CoFe na...Metal-air batteries,like Zn-air batteries(ZABs)are usually suffered from low energy conversion efficiency and poor cyclability caused by the sluggish OER and ORR at the air cathode.Herein,a novel bimetallic Co/CoFe nanomaterial supported on nanoflower-like N-doped graphitic carbon(NC)was prepared through a strategy of coordination construction-cation exchange-pyrolysis and used as a highly efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst.Experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal the formation of Co/CoFe heterostructure and synergistic effect between metal layer and NC support,leading to improved electric conductivity,accelerated reaction kinetics,and optimized adsorption energy for intermediates of ORR and OER.The Co/CoFe@NC exhibits high bifunctional activities with a remarkably small potential gap of 0.70 V between the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))of ORR and the potential at 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(j=10))of OER.The aqueous ZAB constructed using this air electrode exhibits a slight voltage loss of only 60 mV after 550-cycle test(360 h,15 days).A sodium polyacrylate(PANa)-based hydrogel electrolyte was synthesized with strong water-retention capability and high ionic conductivity.The quasi-solid-state ZAB by integrating the Co/CoFe@NC air electrode and PANa hydrogel electrolyte demonstrates excellent mechanical stability and cyclability under different bending states.展开更多
The main difficulty in the extensive commercial use of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） is the use of noble metals such as Pt-based electrocatalyst at the cathode, which is essential to ease the oxyg...The main difficulty in the extensive commercial use of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） is the use of noble metals such as Pt-based electrocatalyst at the cathode, which is essential to ease the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in fuel cells （FCs）. To eliminate the high loading of Pt-based electrocatalysts to minimize the cost, extensive study has been carried out over the previous decades on the non-noble metal catalysts. Development in enhancing the ORR performance of FCs is mainly due to the doped carbon materials, Fe and Co-based electrocatalysts, these materials could be considered as probable substitutes for Pt-based catalysts. But the stability of these non-noble metal electrocatalysts is low and the durability of these metals remains unclear. The three basic reasons of instability are： （i） oxidative occurrence by H2O2, （ii） leakage of the metal site and （iii） protonation by probable anion adsorption of the active site. Whereas leakage of the metal site has been almost solved, more work is required to understand and avoid losses from oxidative attack and protonation. The ORR performance such as stability tests are usually run at low current densities and the lifetime is much shorter than desired need. Therefore, improvement in the ORR activity and stability afe the key issues of the non-noble metal electrocatalyst. Based on the consequences obtained in this area, numerous future research directions are projected and discussed in this paper. Hence, this review is focused on improvement of stability and durability of the non-noble metal electrocatalyst.展开更多
Rechargeable zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are currently receiving extensive attention because of their extremely high theoretical specific energy density,low manufacturing costs,and environmental friendliness.Exploring bif...Rechargeable zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are currently receiving extensive attention because of their extremely high theoretical specific energy density,low manufacturing costs,and environmental friendliness.Exploring bifunctional catalysts with high activity and stability to overcome sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is critical for the development of rechargeable ZABs.Atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon(M-N-C)catalysts possessing prominent advantages of high metal atom utilization and electrocatalytic activity are promising candidates to promote oxygen electrocatalysis.In this work,general principles for designing atomically dispersed M-N-C are reviewed.Then,strategies aiming at enhancing the bifunctional catalytic activity and stability are presented.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of M-N-C bifunctional oxygen catalysts for ZABs are outlined.It is expected that this review will provide insights into the targeted optimization of atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts in rechargeable ZABs.展开更多
Electrocatalytic water splitting driven by electrocatalysts is recognized as a promising strategy to generate clean hydrogen fuel.Searching and constructing high-efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts is vital in the...Electrocatalytic water splitting driven by electrocatalysts is recognized as a promising strategy to generate clean hydrogen fuel.Searching and constructing high-efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts is vital in the practical applications of electrocatalytic water splitting.Although transition metal-based materials have been considered as promising electrocatalysts,the satisfactory activities are usually not built on the bulk materials,but strongly relying on elaborately designing these electrocatalysts.Herein,the recent theoretical and experimental progress on modification strategies to improve the intrinsic activities is summarized,especially including element doping,phase engineering,structure cooperation,interface engineering,vacancy engineering,strain engineering and self-functionalization.Finally,the future opportunities and challenges on these modification strategies are also proposed.Overall,it is anticipated that these modification strategies offer some new understandings on rationally constructing non-noble electrocatalysts for efficient electrocatalytic water splitting.展开更多
the types and strategies used to prepare defect electrocatalysts will continue to be studied and developed as new defective materials are generated.4. Characterization of defectsThis review briefly summarizes recent p...the types and strategies used to prepare defect electrocatalysts will continue to be studied and developed as new defective materials are generated.4. Characterization of defectsThis review briefly summarizes recent progress in defect electrocatalysts, and the synthesis strategies and characterization techniques for defects are systematically discussed. Although challenges in the characterization of defect structures in the electrocatalytic reaction process remain, the dynamic evolution of defect sites is predicted to be helpful for designing and preparing high-performance electrocatalysts for commercial applications. Furthermore, due to an insufficient understanding of the defect-structureproperty relationships, future possibilities for the reasonable design of defect electrocatalysts to obtain desirable performance are suggested.展开更多
The inefficiency of water splitting is mainly due to the sluggish anodic water oxidation reaction. Replacing water oxidation with thermodynamically more favorable selective methanol oxidation reaction and developing r...The inefficiency of water splitting is mainly due to the sluggish anodic water oxidation reaction. Replacing water oxidation with thermodynamically more favorable selective methanol oxidation reaction and developing robust bifunctional electrocatalysts are of great significance. Herein, a hierarchical heteronanostructure with Ni–Co layered double hydroxide(LDH) ultrathin nanosheets coated on cobalt phosphide nanosheets arrays(CoxP@NiCo-LDH) are fabricated and used for co-electrolysis of methanol/water to co-produce value-added formate and hydrogen with saving energy. Benefiting from the fast charge transfer introduced by phosphide nanoarrays, the synergy in nanosheets catalysts with hetero-interface,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/Ni foam(NF) exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance(10 mA cm-2@ 1.24 V and-0.10 V for methanol selective oxidation and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively). Furthermore,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/NF-based symmetric two-electrode electrolyzer drives a current density of 10 m A cm-2 with a low cell voltage of only 1.43 V and the Faradaic efficiency towards the generation of formate and H2 are close to 100% in the tested range of current density(from 40 to 200 m A cm-2). This work highlights the positive effect of hetero-interaction in the design of more efficient eletrocatalysts and might guide the way towards facile upgrading of alcohols and energy-saving electrolytic H2 co-generation.展开更多
The recent development of Cu-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide（CO） has attracted much attention due to their unique activity and selectivity compared to other metal catalysts. Pa...The recent development of Cu-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide（CO） has attracted much attention due to their unique activity and selectivity compared to other metal catalysts. Particularly, Cu is the unique electrocatalyst for COelectrochemical reduction with high selectivity to generate a variety of hydrocarbons. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent advances on the rational design of Cu nanostructures, the composition regulation of Cu-based alloys, and the exploitation of advanced supports for improving the catalytic activity and selectivity toward electrochemical reduction of CO. The special focus is to demonstrate how to enhance the activity and selectivity of Cubased electrocatalyst for COreduction. The perspectives and challenges for the development of Cu-based electrocatalysts are also addressed. We hope this review can provide timely and valuable insights into the design of advanced electrocatalytic materials for COelectrochemical reduction.展开更多
Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) have been widely used in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) of fuel cells and metal-air batteries, attributed to their unique structures and compositions. Recently, the preparation of transi...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) have been widely used in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) of fuel cells and metal-air batteries, attributed to their unique structures and compositions. Recently, the preparation of transition-metallic single-atom electrocatalysts(TM-SACs) using MOFs as precursors or templates has made great progress. Herein, the development history of SACs prepared based on MOFs and their characterization are overviewed firstly, and then several strategies are summarized for preparing TM-SACs using MOFs and further modification. Finally, the challenges and opportunities confronted by TM-SACs are fully discussed. Consequently, our work can guide the realization of TM-SACs abundant with high activity, high loading and high stability.展开更多
基金the support from the CIPHER Project(IIID 2018-008)funded by the Commission on Higher Education-Philippine California Advanced Research Institutes(CHED-PCARI)。
文摘Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts.TMPs have been produced in various morphologies,including hollow and porous nanostructures,which are features deemed desirable for electrocatalytic materials.Templated synthesis routes are often responsible for such morphologies.This paper reviews the latest advances and existing challenges in the synthesis of TMP-based OER and HER catalysts through templated methods.A comprehensive review of the structure-property-performance of TMP-based HER and OER catalysts prepared using different templates is presented.The discussion proceeds according to application,first by HER and further divided among the types of templates used-from hard templates,sacrificial templates,and soft templates to the emerging dynamic hydrogen bubble template.OER catalysts are then reviewed and grouped according to their morphology.Finally,prospective research directions for the synthesis of hollow and porous TMP-based catalysts,such as improvements on both activity and stability of TMPs,design of environmentally benign templates and processes,and analysis of the reaction mechanism through advanced material characterization techniques and theoretical calculations,are suggested.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFB4202200)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Green hydrogen(H_(2))produced by renewable energy powered alkaline water electrolysis is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high energy density with zero-carbon emissions.However,efficient and economic H_(2) production by alkaline water electrolysis is hindered by the sluggish hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Therefore,it is imperative to design and fabricate high-active and low-cost non-precious metal catalysts to improve the HER and OER performance,which affects the energy efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis.Ni_(3)S_(2) with the heazlewoodite structure is a potential electrocatalyst with near-metal conductivity due to the Ni–Ni metal network.Here,the review comprehensively presents the recent progress of Ni_(3)S_(2)-based electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrocatalysis.Herein,the HER and OER mechanisms,performance evaluation criteria,preparation methods,and strategies for performance improvement of Ni_(3)S_(2)-based electrocatalysts are discussed.The challenges and perspectives are also analyzed.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:22309180)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No:XDB0600000,XDB0600400)+3 种基金Liaoning Binhai Laboratory,(Grant No:LILBLB-2023-04)Dalian Revitalization Talents Program(Grant No:2022RG01)Youth Science and Technology Foundation of Dalian(Grant No:2023RQ015)the University of Waterloo.
文摘Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.
基金Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (23JCYBJC00660)Tianjin Enterprise Science and Technology Commissioner Project (23YDTPJC00490)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (52203066, 51973157, 61904123)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (2023M742135)State Key Laboratory of Membrane and Membrane Separation, Tiangong University。
文摘Oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are the key reactions in numerous renewable energy devices. Unlike conventional powdered catalysts, self-supported catalysts are extensively employed in oxygen electrocatalysis because of the enhanced electron-transfer rate, high specific surface area, and superior mechanical flexibility. Among the self-supported conductive substrates, carbon fiber usually exhibits several distinctive advantages, such as a straightforward preparation process, relatively low cost, good stability, and excellent conductivity. Against this background,carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts have been widely applied and studied in oxygen electrocatalysis, indicating a promising development direction in oxygen electrocatalyst research.Thus, it is essential to offer an overall summary of the research progress in this field to facilitate its subsequent development. Taking the regulatory mechanisms and modification methods as a starting point, this review comprehensively summarizes recent research on carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts in recent years. Firstly, a brief overview of the synthesis methods and regulatory mechanisms of carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts is given. Furthermore, the view also highlights the modification methods and research progress of self-supported electrocatalysts synthesized on carbon fiber-based substrates in recent years in terms of different dopant atoms. Finally, the prospects for the application of self-supported electrocatalysts based on carbon fiber in oxygen electrocatalysis and the possible future directions of their development are presented. This review summarizes recent developments and applications of self-supported bi-functional electrocatalysts with carbon fiber-based materials as the conducting substrate in oxygen electrocatalysis. It also lays a robust scientific foundation for the subsequent reasonable design of highly effective carbon fiber-based self-supported electrocatalysts.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52372083,52173255),the Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Micro/nanomaterials and Equipment(Co-constructed by Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education)support from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20230538).
文摘Nucleation of lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)induced by electrocatalysts plays a crucial role in mitigating the shut-tle effect.However,short-chain polysulfides on electrocatalysts surfaces tend to re-dissolve into elec-trolytes,delaying Li_(2)S supersaturation and its nucleation.In this study,we draw inspiration from the ribosome-driven protein synthesis process in cells to prepare ultrasmall nitrogen-doped MoS_(2) nanocrys-tals anchored on porous nitrogen-doped carbon networks(N-MoS_(2)-NC)electrocatalysts.Excitedly,the ex-situ SEM demonstrates that ribosome-inspired N-MoS_(2)-NC electrocatalysts induce early nucleation and rapid growth of three-dimensional Li_(2)s during discharge.Theoretical calculations reveal that the Li-s bond length in N-MoS_(2)-Li_(2)S(100)is shorter,and the corresponding interfacial formation energy is lower than in MoS_(2)-Li_(2)S(100).This accelerated conversion of lithium polysulfides to Li_(2)S can enhance the utilization of active substances and inhibit the shuttle effect.This study highlights the potential of ribosome-inspired N-MoS_(2)-NC in improving the electrochemical stability of Li-S batteries,providing valuable insights for future electrocatalyst design.
基金financial support from the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX24_0690)financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 22275088, 52101260)+4 种基金the Project of Shuangchuang Scholar of Jiangsu Province (Project No. JSSCBS20210212)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Project No. 30921011203)the Start-Up Grant (Project No. AE89991/340) from Nanjing University of Science and Technologyfinancial support from the Foundation of Jiangsu Educational Committee (22KJB310008)the Senior Talent Program of Jiangsu University (20JDG073)
文摘Ammonia(NH_(3))is an important raw material for modern agriculture and industry,being widely demanded to sustain the sustainable development of modern society.Currently,the industrial production methods of NH_(3),such as the traditional Haber-Bosch process,have drawbacks including high energy consumption and significant carbon dioxide emissions.In recent years,the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)powered by intermittent renewable energy sources has gradually become a multidisciplinary research hotspot,as it allows for the efficient synthesis of NH_(3)under mild conditions.In this review,we focus on the research of electrocatalysts with atomic-level site,which have attracted attention due to their extremely high atomic utilization efficiency and unique structural characteristics in the field of NO_(3)RR.Firstly,we introduce the mechanism of nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis and discuss the in-situ characterization techniques related to the mechanism study.Secondly,we review the progress of the electrocatalysts with atomic-level site for nitrate reduction and explore the structure-activity relationship to guide the rational design of efficient catalysts.Lastly,the conclusions of this review and the challenges and prospective of this promising field are presented.
基金the financial support from the Sunway University International Research Network Grant Scheme(STR-IRNGSSET-GAMRG-01-2022)the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Grant(GUP-2022-080)。
文摘The increasing focus on electrocatalysis for sustainable hydrogen(H_(2))production has prompted significant interest in MXenes,a class of two-dimensional(2D)materials comprising metal carbides,carbonitrides,and nitrides.These materials exhibit intriguing chemical and physical properties,including excellent electrical conductivity and a large surface area,making them attractive candidates for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).This scientific review explores recent advancements in MXene-based electrocatalysts for HER kinetics.It discusses various compositions,functionalities,and explicit design principles while providing a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods,exceptional properties,and electro-catalytic approaches for H_(2) production via electrochemical reactions.Furthermore,challenges and future prospects in designing MXenes-based electrocatalysts with enhanced kinetics are highlighted,emphasizing the potential of incorporating different metals to expand the scope of electrochemical reactions.This review suggests possible efforts for developing advanced MXenes-based electrocatalysts,particularly for efficient H_(2) generation through electrochemical water-splitting reactions..
基金This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21925104)the Natural Science Foun-dation of Hubei Province(2021CFA020)the start-up funding of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(3004110178).
文摘Carbon-based metal-free nanomaterials are promising alternatives to precious metals as electrocatalysts of key energy storage and conversion technologies.Of paramount significance are the establishment of design principles by understanding the catalytic mechanisms and identifying the active sites.Distinct from sp2-conjugated graphene and carbon nanotube,fullerene possesses unique characteristics that are growingly being discovered and exploited by the electrocatalysis community.For instance,the well-defined atomic and molecular structures,the good electron affinity to tune the electronic structures of other substances,the intermolecular self-assembly into superlattices,and the on-demand chemical modification have endowed fullerene with incomparable advantages as electrocatalysts that are otherwise not applicable to other carbon ma-terials.As increasing studies are being reported on this intriguing topic,it is necessary to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the recent progress.This review takes such an initiative by summarizing the promises and challenges in the electrocatalytic applications of fullerene and its derivatives.The content is structured according to the composition and structure of fullerene,including intact fullerene(e.g.,fullerene composite and superlattices)and fullerene derivatives(e.g.,doped,endohedral,and disintegrated fullerene).The synthesis,characterization,catalytic mechanisms,and deficiencies of these fullerene-based materials are explicitly elaborated.We conclude it by sharing our perspectives on the key aspects that future efforts shall consider.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22325902 and 51671107)Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations.
文摘Rechargeable lithium-oxygen(Li-O_(2))batteries have attracted wide attention due to their high energy density.However,the sluggish cathode kinetics results in high overvoltage and poor cycling performance.Ruthenium(Ru)-based electrocatalysts have been demonstrated to be promising cathode catalysts to promote oxygen evolution reaction(OER).It facilitates decomposition of lithium peroxide(Li_(2)O_(2))by adjusting Li_(2)O_(2) morphologies,which is due to the strong interaction between Ru-based catalyst and superoxide anion(O_(2))intermediate.In this review,the design strategies of Ru-based electrocatalysts are introduced to enhance their OER catalytic kinetics in Li-O_(2) batteries.Different configurations of Ru-based catalysts,including metal particles(Ru metal and alloys),single-atom catalysts,and Ru-loaded compounds with various substrates(carbon materials,metal oxides/sulfides),have been summarized to regulate the electronic structure and the matrix architecture of the Ru-based electrocatalysts.The structure-property relationship of Ru-based catalysts is discussed for a better understanding of the Li_(2)O_(2) decomposition mechanism at the cathode interface.Finally,the challenges of Ru-based electrocatalysts are proposed for the future development of Li-O_(2) batteries.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075092)the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team(2018QYTD15).
文摘Oxygen electrocatalysts are of great importance for the air electrode in zinc-air batteries(ZABs).Owing to the high specific surface area,controllable pore size and unsaturated metal active sites,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)derivatives have been widely studied as oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs.To date,many strategies have been developed to generate efficient oxygen electrocatalysts from MOFs for improving the performance of ZABs.In this review,the latest progress of the MOF-derived non-noble metal-oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs is reviewed.The performance of these MOF-derived catalysts toward oxygen reduction,and oxygen evolution reactions is discussed based on the categories of metal-free carbon materials,single-atom catalysts,metal cluster/carbon composites and metal compound/carbon composites.Moreover,we provide a comprehensive overview on the design strategies of various MOF-derived non-noble metal-oxygen electrocatalysts and their structure-performance relationship.Finally,the challenges and perspectives are provided for further advancing the MOF-derived oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019PB013)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(19JCZDJC37700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21421001 and 21875118)。
文摘To date,much efforts have been devoted to the high-efficiency noble metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen-and oxygen-involving energy conversion reactions,due to their abundance,low cost and nultifunctionally.Surface/interface engineering is found to be effective in achieving novel physicochemical properties and synergistic effects in nanomaterials for electrocatalysis.Among various engineering strategies,heteroatom-doping has been regarded as a most promising method to improve the electrocatalytic performance via the regulation of electronic structure of catalysts,and numerous works were reported on the synthesis method and mechanism investigation of heteroatom-doping electrocatalysts,though the heteroatom-doping can only provide limited active sites.Engineering of other defects such as vacancies and edge sites and construction of heterostructure have shown to open up a potential avenue for the development of noble metal-free electrocatalysts.In addition,surface functionalization can attach various molecules onto the surface of materials to easily modify their physical or chemical properties,being as a promising complement or substitute for offering materials with catalytic properties.This paper gives the insights into the diverse strategies of surface/interface engineering of the highefficiency noble metal-free electrocatalysts for energy-related electrochemical reactions.The significant advances are summarized.The unique advantages and mechanisms for specific applications are highlighted.The current challenges and outlook of this growing field are also discussed.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21962008, 51464028)Candidate Talents Training Fund of Yunnan Province (2017PY269SQ, 2018HB007)Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young & Elite Talents Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2018-346)。
文摘The realization of efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is critical to the development of multiple sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, especially hydrogen production via water electrolysis. To achieve the massive application of hydrogen energy and mass-scale hydrogen production from water splitting drives the pursuit of competent precious-metal-free electrocatalysts in acidic media, where the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) is more facilitated. However, the development of high-efficient and acid-stable OER electrocatalysts, which are robust to function stably at high oxidation potentials in the acidic electrolyte, remains a great challenge. This article contributes a focused, perceptive review of the up-to-date approaches toward this emerging research field. The OER reaction mechanism and fundamental requirements for oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acid are introduced. Then the progress and new discoveries of precious-metal-free active materials and design concepts with regard to the improvement of the intrinsic OER activity are discussed. Finally, the existing scientific challenges and the outlooks for future research directions to the fabrication of emerging, earth-abundant OER electrocatalysts in acid are pointed out.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21872105,22072107)the Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(19DZ2271500).
文摘Metal-air batteries,like Zn-air batteries(ZABs)are usually suffered from low energy conversion efficiency and poor cyclability caused by the sluggish OER and ORR at the air cathode.Herein,a novel bimetallic Co/CoFe nanomaterial supported on nanoflower-like N-doped graphitic carbon(NC)was prepared through a strategy of coordination construction-cation exchange-pyrolysis and used as a highly efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst.Experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal the formation of Co/CoFe heterostructure and synergistic effect between metal layer and NC support,leading to improved electric conductivity,accelerated reaction kinetics,and optimized adsorption energy for intermediates of ORR and OER.The Co/CoFe@NC exhibits high bifunctional activities with a remarkably small potential gap of 0.70 V between the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))of ORR and the potential at 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(j=10))of OER.The aqueous ZAB constructed using this air electrode exhibits a slight voltage loss of only 60 mV after 550-cycle test(360 h,15 days).A sodium polyacrylate(PANa)-based hydrogel electrolyte was synthesized with strong water-retention capability and high ionic conductivity.The quasi-solid-state ZAB by integrating the Co/CoFe@NC air electrode and PANa hydrogel electrolyte demonstrates excellent mechanical stability and cyclability under different bending states.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21306119)the Key Research and Development Projects in Sichuan Province(2017GZ0397,2017CC0017)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Chengdu(2015-HM01-00531-SF)the Outstanding Young Scientist Foundation of Sichuan University(2013SCU04A23)
文摘The main difficulty in the extensive commercial use of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） is the use of noble metals such as Pt-based electrocatalyst at the cathode, which is essential to ease the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in fuel cells （FCs）. To eliminate the high loading of Pt-based electrocatalysts to minimize the cost, extensive study has been carried out over the previous decades on the non-noble metal catalysts. Development in enhancing the ORR performance of FCs is mainly due to the doped carbon materials, Fe and Co-based electrocatalysts, these materials could be considered as probable substitutes for Pt-based catalysts. But the stability of these non-noble metal electrocatalysts is low and the durability of these metals remains unclear. The three basic reasons of instability are： （i） oxidative occurrence by H2O2, （ii） leakage of the metal site and （iii） protonation by probable anion adsorption of the active site. Whereas leakage of the metal site has been almost solved, more work is required to understand and avoid losses from oxidative attack and protonation. The ORR performance such as stability tests are usually run at low current densities and the lifetime is much shorter than desired need. Therefore, improvement in the ORR activity and stability afe the key issues of the non-noble metal electrocatalyst. Based on the consequences obtained in this area, numerous future research directions are projected and discussed in this paper. Hence, this review is focused on improvement of stability and durability of the non-noble metal electrocatalyst.
基金This work is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)Centre Québéco is sur les Materiaux Fonctionnels(CQMF),Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Nature et Technologies(FRQNT)+2 种基金Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique(INRS)This work is also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972017)the“Scientific and Technical Innovation Action Plan”Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan Science&Technology Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(19160760600).F.Dong gratefully acknowledges scholarships from the China Scholarship Council(CSC).
文摘Rechargeable zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are currently receiving extensive attention because of their extremely high theoretical specific energy density,low manufacturing costs,and environmental friendliness.Exploring bifunctional catalysts with high activity and stability to overcome sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is critical for the development of rechargeable ZABs.Atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon(M-N-C)catalysts possessing prominent advantages of high metal atom utilization and electrocatalytic activity are promising candidates to promote oxygen electrocatalysis.In this work,general principles for designing atomically dispersed M-N-C are reviewed.Then,strategies aiming at enhancing the bifunctional catalytic activity and stability are presented.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of M-N-C bifunctional oxygen catalysts for ZABs are outlined.It is expected that this review will provide insights into the targeted optimization of atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts in rechargeable ZABs.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51575135,51622503,U1537206 and 51621091)。
文摘Electrocatalytic water splitting driven by electrocatalysts is recognized as a promising strategy to generate clean hydrogen fuel.Searching and constructing high-efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts is vital in the practical applications of electrocatalytic water splitting.Although transition metal-based materials have been considered as promising electrocatalysts,the satisfactory activities are usually not built on the bulk materials,but strongly relying on elaborately designing these electrocatalysts.Herein,the recent theoretical and experimental progress on modification strategies to improve the intrinsic activities is summarized,especially including element doping,phase engineering,structure cooperation,interface engineering,vacancy engineering,strain engineering and self-functionalization.Finally,the future opportunities and challenges on these modification strategies are also proposed.Overall,it is anticipated that these modification strategies offer some new understandings on rationally constructing non-noble electrocatalysts for efficient electrocatalytic water splitting.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21573066, 21825201, 2187350, 51402100 and 21905088)。
文摘the types and strategies used to prepare defect electrocatalysts will continue to be studied and developed as new defective materials are generated.4. Characterization of defectsThis review briefly summarizes recent progress in defect electrocatalysts, and the synthesis strategies and characterization techniques for defects are systematically discussed. Although challenges in the characterization of defect structures in the electrocatalytic reaction process remain, the dynamic evolution of defect sites is predicted to be helpful for designing and preparing high-performance electrocatalysts for commercial applications. Furthermore, due to an insufficient understanding of the defect-structureproperty relationships, future possibilities for the reasonable design of defect electrocatalysts to obtain desirable performance are suggested.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975163 and 21905181)。
文摘The inefficiency of water splitting is mainly due to the sluggish anodic water oxidation reaction. Replacing water oxidation with thermodynamically more favorable selective methanol oxidation reaction and developing robust bifunctional electrocatalysts are of great significance. Herein, a hierarchical heteronanostructure with Ni–Co layered double hydroxide(LDH) ultrathin nanosheets coated on cobalt phosphide nanosheets arrays(CoxP@NiCo-LDH) are fabricated and used for co-electrolysis of methanol/water to co-produce value-added formate and hydrogen with saving energy. Benefiting from the fast charge transfer introduced by phosphide nanoarrays, the synergy in nanosheets catalysts with hetero-interface,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/Ni foam(NF) exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance(10 mA cm-2@ 1.24 V and-0.10 V for methanol selective oxidation and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively). Furthermore,CoxP@NiCo-LDH/NF-based symmetric two-electrode electrolyzer drives a current density of 10 m A cm-2 with a low cell voltage of only 1.43 V and the Faradaic efficiency towards the generation of formate and H2 are close to 100% in the tested range of current density(from 40 to 200 m A cm-2). This work highlights the positive effect of hetero-interaction in the design of more efficient eletrocatalysts and might guide the way towards facile upgrading of alcohols and energy-saving electrolytic H2 co-generation.
基金financially supported by the Natural Scientific Foundation of China(no.21503116)the Open Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites,Beijing University of Chemical Technology(oic-201601008)+2 种基金the Qingdao Basic&Applied Research Project(15-9-1-100-jch)Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(no.tsqn20161004)the Youth 1000 Talent Program of China
文摘The recent development of Cu-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide（CO） has attracted much attention due to their unique activity and selectivity compared to other metal catalysts. Particularly, Cu is the unique electrocatalyst for COelectrochemical reduction with high selectivity to generate a variety of hydrocarbons. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent advances on the rational design of Cu nanostructures, the composition regulation of Cu-based alloys, and the exploitation of advanced supports for improving the catalytic activity and selectivity toward electrochemical reduction of CO. The special focus is to demonstrate how to enhance the activity and selectivity of Cubased electrocatalyst for COreduction. The perspectives and challenges for the development of Cu-based electrocatalysts are also addressed. We hope this review can provide timely and valuable insights into the design of advanced electrocatalytic materials for COelectrochemical reduction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872115,51932003)the 2020 International Cooperation Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20200801001GH)+3 种基金the Program for the Development of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20190201309JC)the Jilin Province/Jilin University coConstruction Project-Funds for New Materials(SXGJSF2017-3,Branch-2/440050316A36)the Project for Self-innovation Capability Construction of Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission(2021C026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities JLU,and “Double-First Class”Discipline for Materials Science&Engineering。
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) have been widely used in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) of fuel cells and metal-air batteries, attributed to their unique structures and compositions. Recently, the preparation of transition-metallic single-atom electrocatalysts(TM-SACs) using MOFs as precursors or templates has made great progress. Herein, the development history of SACs prepared based on MOFs and their characterization are overviewed firstly, and then several strategies are summarized for preparing TM-SACs using MOFs and further modification. Finally, the challenges and opportunities confronted by TM-SACs are fully discussed. Consequently, our work can guide the realization of TM-SACs abundant with high activity, high loading and high stability.
