针对加氢反应流出物空冷器(REAC)出口管道系统频繁发生的冲蚀失效问题,揭示了复杂流动腐蚀环境下管道冲蚀失效机理,提出了以离子传质系数( k c )及三向应力求得的最大剪切应力(τ m)作为REAC出口配管的弯管冲蚀特性关键表征参数;采用Mix...针对加氢反应流出物空冷器(REAC)出口管道系统频繁发生的冲蚀失效问题,揭示了复杂流动腐蚀环境下管道冲蚀失效机理,提出了以离子传质系数( k c )及三向应力求得的最大剪切应力(τ m)作为REAC出口配管的弯管冲蚀特性关键表征参数;采用Mixture多相流模型和SST k-ω湍流模型对空冷系统的出口配管进行流体动力学数值模拟,对比分析获得了各弯管处的传质系数和最大剪切应力的分布规律。结果表明:REAC出口配管的弯管中传质系数 k c 与最大剪切应力τ m的重合位置位于弯管8上的55°≤α≤85°管段,是冲蚀失效的高风险区域;失效案例解剖结果表明,基于传质系数 k c 、最大剪切应力τ m分布预测的冲蚀失效高风险区域与弯管冲蚀泄漏失效的区域基本一致。研究成果有望为空冷器进出口管道系统的耐流动腐蚀优化设计、优化运行和在役风险检验提供理论支撑依据。展开更多
加氢反应流出物空冷器(reactor effluent air cooler,简称REAC)作为石化装置重要冷换设备铵盐腐蚀风险较大,工程上通常采用空冷器前注水消除NH4Cl等铵盐沉积堵管问题,因此,注水效果好坏直接影响石化装置的安全稳定运行.以某石化企业REA...加氢反应流出物空冷器(reactor effluent air cooler,简称REAC)作为石化装置重要冷换设备铵盐腐蚀风险较大,工程上通常采用空冷器前注水消除NH4Cl等铵盐沉积堵管问题,因此,注水效果好坏直接影响石化装置的安全稳定运行.以某石化企业REAC前注水孔板为研究对象,通过分析不同孔数、等效直径比、相对厚度等因素对孔板压损系数的影响机理,评估孔板结构对多元流体均流平衡效果优劣.研究结果表明:在相同的孔数和等效直径比下,压损系数随孔板相对厚度的增加先快速减小随后趋于稳定,其临界孔板相对厚度为0.822.在相同等效直径比和相对厚度下,薄孔板的压损系数随孔数增加先减小后增大,压损系数与管道出口流量呈负相关关系.综合考量下孔板相对厚度为1.474时,单孔孔板结构均流平衡效果最好.展开更多
Corrosion leakage occurred in the 14th tube bundle in the first row of a residual oil hydrotreating air cooler after operating for two years.The failure location was 0.5 m from the outlet header box.In this paper,the ...Corrosion leakage occurred in the 14th tube bundle in the first row of a residual oil hydrotreating air cooler after operating for two years.The failure location was 0.5 m from the outlet header box.In this paper,the erosion corrosion of the air cooler tube bundle was investigated by experimental and numerical methods.Visual inspection,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD)experiments were performed,and the failure morphology and material composition confirmed that the damage was caused by erosion corrosion.The shear stress transport k–ωturbulence model(SST-k–ω)was then used to investigate the flow and erosion corrosion characteristics,combined with mass transfer,corrosion rate,and ionization equilibrium models.The numerical simulation results revealed that the water phase volume fraction increased with flow and heat transfer in the fluid,which increased the mass flow rate and concentration of hydrogen sulfide.The mass transfer coefficient and corrosion rate were proposed as important parameters to characterize erosion corrosion.Moreover,the local concentration of wall shear stress was found to increase the risk of erosion corrosion.The predicted high-risk area was consistent with the actual failure area,which verified that this failure incident was attributable to erosion corrosion by the water phase.展开更多
The ammonium salt corrosion is a typical failure mode for the hydrogenation reaction effluent air cooler(REAC) system. In order to investigate the corrosion characteristics in the REAC system, numerical simulations we...The ammonium salt corrosion is a typical failure mode for the hydrogenation reaction effluent air cooler(REAC) system. In order to investigate the corrosion characteristics in the REAC system, numerical simulations were performed by using the mixture model, the heating transfer model, and the particles tracking model. The results show that the differences between the temperature and the velocity at each cross section of the first-row and second-row tubes are small. The inertia of the particles plays an important role in the particle’s deposition, and the smaller particles distribute more uniformly in the air cooler. However, for larger particles, they prefer falling from the inner side of the vertical elbow, and preferentially depositing at the inlet header and pipes before saturation. In the heat exchanger tubes, the particle deposition number is larger in the second-row tubes than that in the first-row tubes, and the high-risk tubes mainly concentrate on the middle and right side of the air cooler. The kinetic parameters of the particles are in accordance with the blocking-prone position in many real operating conditions.展开更多
The air cooler is an important equipment in the petroleum refining industry.Ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl)deposition-induced corrosion is one of its main failure forms.In this study,the ammonium salt crystallization temper...The air cooler is an important equipment in the petroleum refining industry.Ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl)deposition-induced corrosion is one of its main failure forms.In this study,the ammonium salt crystallization temperature is chosen as the key decision variable of NH4 Cl deposition-induced corrosion through in-depth mechanism research and experimental analysis.The functional link neural network(FLNN)is adopted as the basic algorithm for modeling because of its advantages in dealing with non-linear problems and its fast-computational ability.A hybrid FLNN attached to a small norm is built to improve the generalization performance of the model.Then,the trained model is used to predict the NH4 Cl salt crystallization temperature in the air cooler of a sour water stripper plant.Experimental results show the proposed improved FLNN algorithm can achieve better generalization performance than the PLS,the back propagation neural network,and the conventional FLNN models.展开更多
Injecting water into the main pipeline is a common method to prevent the ammonium salt corrosion in hydrogenation units.The use of spray nozzle can enhance the effects of washing ammonium salt and reduce the risk of a...Injecting water into the main pipeline is a common method to prevent the ammonium salt corrosion in hydrogenation units.The use of spray nozzle can enhance the effects of washing ammonium salt and reduce the risk of ammonium salt corrosion.The droplet atomization and evaporation model were used to investigate the mixing process of injecting water and gas-oil mixture in a high-pressure environment.The effects of some key parameters including fluid velocity,temperature,and droplet volume fraction on the mixing and vaporization process were analyzed.Numerical simulation results show that with the increase of injecting water flow rate,the fluid velocity increases and the temperature decreases continuously.When the mass flow rate of injecting water is 1.5 t/h,the droplet has the maximum evaporation efficiency and the volume fraction reaches a minimum value.Besides,with the increase of atomization angle and droplet size,the mean velocity and the temperature of fluid decrease continuously.The increase of atomization angle or the decrease of droplet size will accelerate the evaporation process of droplets and reduce the droplet volume fraction,which indicates that the droplet slip velocity and the contact area are the key factors affecting the droplet evaporation rate.展开更多
渣油加氢装置因原料劣化腐蚀性强,设备长期处于极端运行工况下,导致冷换设备铵盐腐蚀性风险大。以沸腾床渣油加氢系统空气冷却器(简称空冷器)为研究对象,采用NRTL-RK模型构建多组分体系下反应流出物系统化学离子-平衡模型,并通过工艺过...渣油加氢装置因原料劣化腐蚀性强,设备长期处于极端运行工况下,导致冷换设备铵盐腐蚀性风险大。以沸腾床渣油加氢系统空气冷却器(简称空冷器)为研究对象,采用NRTL-RK模型构建多组分体系下反应流出物系统化学离子-平衡模型,并通过工艺过程关联分析和数值模拟分析相结合的方式,对系统内铵盐结晶腐蚀风险进行评估。计算结果表明,空冷器存在NH 4Cl腐蚀风险,结晶温度为169~187℃,且铵盐结晶速率随着温度降低不断增加,极限工况下为0.22 kg h。空冷器对流换热模型通过组分运输方程和冷凝模型构建,数值模拟结果表明,随着流动的持续,最大的传质系数(1.52×10^(-4)m s)和腐蚀速率(0.43 mm a)出现在出口集合管底部。展开更多
The hydrotreater system heat exchanger is one of the main pieces of heat exchange equipment in petrochemical enterprises.In recent years,oil resources have shown a deterioration trend of high sulfur and high acid cont...The hydrotreater system heat exchanger is one of the main pieces of heat exchange equipment in petrochemical enterprises.In recent years,oil resources have shown a deterioration trend of high sulfur and high acid content,with corrosion risk being prominent in oil processing.Taking the multi-medium flow corrosion risk of the hydrotreater heat exchanger pipeline in a petrochemical enterprise as the research object,based on the parameter characteristics of corrosive NH_(3) and HCl media under a high-temperature and high-pressure environment,the ammonium salt crystallization and deposition mechanism under multi-phase flow is revealed.The thermodynamic equilibrium curve is modified based on the thermodynamic principle and fugacity coefficient variation,and the prediction model of ammonium chloride crystallization in hydrotreater heat exchanger under high temperature and high pressure is constructed according to the modification.This study uses the mixture model,the flow-thermal coupling method,and the discrete phase model method to carry out the numerical simulation of multiphase flow and the numerical prediction of particle distribution characteristics in the heat exchanger pipeline of the hydrotreater heat exchange equipment,so as to realize the quantitative prediction of the particle crystallization deposition distribution in the pipeline.The results show that with the decrease of temperature,the crystallization occurs first on both sides of the center of the tube bundle,and more crystallization occurs in the lower half of the U-shaped tube,which may seriously lead to problems such as pipe blockage and under-deposit corrosion.展开更多
文摘针对加氢反应流出物空冷器(REAC)出口管道系统频繁发生的冲蚀失效问题,揭示了复杂流动腐蚀环境下管道冲蚀失效机理,提出了以离子传质系数( k c )及三向应力求得的最大剪切应力(τ m)作为REAC出口配管的弯管冲蚀特性关键表征参数;采用Mixture多相流模型和SST k-ω湍流模型对空冷系统的出口配管进行流体动力学数值模拟,对比分析获得了各弯管处的传质系数和最大剪切应力的分布规律。结果表明:REAC出口配管的弯管中传质系数 k c 与最大剪切应力τ m的重合位置位于弯管8上的55°≤α≤85°管段,是冲蚀失效的高风险区域;失效案例解剖结果表明,基于传质系数 k c 、最大剪切应力τ m分布预测的冲蚀失效高风险区域与弯管冲蚀泄漏失效的区域基本一致。研究成果有望为空冷器进出口管道系统的耐流动腐蚀优化设计、优化运行和在役风险检验提供理论支撑依据。
文摘加氢反应流出物空冷器(reactor effluent air cooler,简称REAC)作为石化装置重要冷换设备铵盐腐蚀风险较大,工程上通常采用空冷器前注水消除NH4Cl等铵盐沉积堵管问题,因此,注水效果好坏直接影响石化装置的安全稳定运行.以某石化企业REAC前注水孔板为研究对象,通过分析不同孔数、等效直径比、相对厚度等因素对孔板压损系数的影响机理,评估孔板结构对多元流体均流平衡效果优劣.研究结果表明:在相同的孔数和等效直径比下,压损系数随孔板相对厚度的增加先快速减小随后趋于稳定,其临界孔板相对厚度为0.822.在相同等效直径比和相对厚度下,薄孔板的压损系数随孔数增加先减小后增大,压损系数与管道出口流量呈负相关关系.综合考量下孔板相对厚度为1.474时,单孔孔板结构均流平衡效果最好.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51876194,U1909216,and 52176048)the Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(Grant No.2021Q020).
文摘Corrosion leakage occurred in the 14th tube bundle in the first row of a residual oil hydrotreating air cooler after operating for two years.The failure location was 0.5 m from the outlet header box.In this paper,the erosion corrosion of the air cooler tube bundle was investigated by experimental and numerical methods.Visual inspection,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD)experiments were performed,and the failure morphology and material composition confirmed that the damage was caused by erosion corrosion.The shear stress transport k–ωturbulence model(SST-k–ω)was then used to investigate the flow and erosion corrosion characteristics,combined with mass transfer,corrosion rate,and ionization equilibrium models.The numerical simulation results revealed that the water phase volume fraction increased with flow and heat transfer in the fluid,which increased the mass flow rate and concentration of hydrogen sulfide.The mass transfer coefficient and corrosion rate were proposed as important parameters to characterize erosion corrosion.Moreover,the local concentration of wall shear stress was found to increase the risk of erosion corrosion.The predicted high-risk area was consistent with the actual failure area,which verified that this failure incident was attributable to erosion corrosion by the water phase.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFF0210403)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY17E060008)the Talent Project of Zhejiang Association for Science and Development Project of SINOPEC(No.318023-2)
文摘The ammonium salt corrosion is a typical failure mode for the hydrogenation reaction effluent air cooler(REAC) system. In order to investigate the corrosion characteristics in the REAC system, numerical simulations were performed by using the mixture model, the heating transfer model, and the particles tracking model. The results show that the differences between the temperature and the velocity at each cross section of the first-row and second-row tubes are small. The inertia of the particles plays an important role in the particle’s deposition, and the smaller particles distribute more uniformly in the air cooler. However, for larger particles, they prefer falling from the inner side of the vertical elbow, and preferentially depositing at the inlet header and pipes before saturation. In the heat exchanger tubes, the particle deposition number is larger in the second-row tubes than that in the first-row tubes, and the high-risk tubes mainly concentrate on the middle and right side of the air cooler. The kinetic parameters of the particles are in accordance with the blocking-prone position in many real operating conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51876194,U1909216)the China Petrochemical Corporation Research Project(318023-2)the Zhejiang Public Welfare Technology Research Project(LGG20F030007)。
文摘The air cooler is an important equipment in the petroleum refining industry.Ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl)deposition-induced corrosion is one of its main failure forms.In this study,the ammonium salt crystallization temperature is chosen as the key decision variable of NH4 Cl deposition-induced corrosion through in-depth mechanism research and experimental analysis.The functional link neural network(FLNN)is adopted as the basic algorithm for modeling because of its advantages in dealing with non-linear problems and its fast-computational ability.A hybrid FLNN attached to a small norm is built to improve the generalization performance of the model.Then,the trained model is used to predict the NH4 Cl salt crystallization temperature in the air cooler of a sour water stripper plant.Experimental results show the proposed improved FLNN algorithm can achieve better generalization performance than the PLS,the back propagation neural network,and the conventional FLNN models.
基金The authors acknowledge supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51806198,No.U1909216,No.52176048,No.51876194)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.LY21E060011)the Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(Grant No.2021Q020).
文摘Injecting water into the main pipeline is a common method to prevent the ammonium salt corrosion in hydrogenation units.The use of spray nozzle can enhance the effects of washing ammonium salt and reduce the risk of ammonium salt corrosion.The droplet atomization and evaporation model were used to investigate the mixing process of injecting water and gas-oil mixture in a high-pressure environment.The effects of some key parameters including fluid velocity,temperature,and droplet volume fraction on the mixing and vaporization process were analyzed.Numerical simulation results show that with the increase of injecting water flow rate,the fluid velocity increases and the temperature decreases continuously.When the mass flow rate of injecting water is 1.5 t/h,the droplet has the maximum evaporation efficiency and the volume fraction reaches a minimum value.Besides,with the increase of atomization angle and droplet size,the mean velocity and the temperature of fluid decrease continuously.The increase of atomization angle or the decrease of droplet size will accelerate the evaporation process of droplets and reduce the droplet volume fraction,which indicates that the droplet slip velocity and the contact area are the key factors affecting the droplet evaporation rate.
文摘渣油加氢装置因原料劣化腐蚀性强,设备长期处于极端运行工况下,导致冷换设备铵盐腐蚀性风险大。以沸腾床渣油加氢系统空气冷却器(简称空冷器)为研究对象,采用NRTL-RK模型构建多组分体系下反应流出物系统化学离子-平衡模型,并通过工艺过程关联分析和数值模拟分析相结合的方式,对系统内铵盐结晶腐蚀风险进行评估。计算结果表明,空冷器存在NH 4Cl腐蚀风险,结晶温度为169~187℃,且铵盐结晶速率随着温度降低不断增加,极限工况下为0.22 kg h。空冷器对流换热模型通过组分运输方程和冷凝模型构建,数值模拟结果表明,随着流动的持续,最大的传质系数(1.52×10^(-4)m s)和腐蚀速率(0.43 mm a)出现在出口集合管底部。
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52176048,No.U1909216,No.51876194)the General Scientific Research Projects of the Department of Education of Zhejiang Province(No.Y202147969)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2022C01115).
文摘The hydrotreater system heat exchanger is one of the main pieces of heat exchange equipment in petrochemical enterprises.In recent years,oil resources have shown a deterioration trend of high sulfur and high acid content,with corrosion risk being prominent in oil processing.Taking the multi-medium flow corrosion risk of the hydrotreater heat exchanger pipeline in a petrochemical enterprise as the research object,based on the parameter characteristics of corrosive NH_(3) and HCl media under a high-temperature and high-pressure environment,the ammonium salt crystallization and deposition mechanism under multi-phase flow is revealed.The thermodynamic equilibrium curve is modified based on the thermodynamic principle and fugacity coefficient variation,and the prediction model of ammonium chloride crystallization in hydrotreater heat exchanger under high temperature and high pressure is constructed according to the modification.This study uses the mixture model,the flow-thermal coupling method,and the discrete phase model method to carry out the numerical simulation of multiphase flow and the numerical prediction of particle distribution characteristics in the heat exchanger pipeline of the hydrotreater heat exchange equipment,so as to realize the quantitative prediction of the particle crystallization deposition distribution in the pipeline.The results show that with the decrease of temperature,the crystallization occurs first on both sides of the center of the tube bundle,and more crystallization occurs in the lower half of the U-shaped tube,which may seriously lead to problems such as pipe blockage and under-deposit corrosion.
