非物质文化遗产的商标分类保护机制研究

Research on a Typological Approach to Trademark Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage

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摘要非物质文化遗产商标保护实践始终面临困境,根源在于商标与非遗在私有性与集体性、独占性与公共性、显著性与通用性维度上存在法理冲突。基于二者冲突的可调和性,引入公共物品理论,将非遗符号类型化为社会类、社群类与个体类三种类型,并基于权利限制理论分别为三类非遗符号设计差异化的约束性赋权机制。社会类非遗符号因具有普遍公共属性,须通过立法增设绝对禁止注册条款;社群类非遗符号需依托集体商标保护并设置知情同意与惠益分享等限制,须立法明确专门规则;个体类非遗符号因具有私人物品性质,可经创新转化形成私权表达,注册为普通商标,但其使用亦需恪守文化约束,此约束可通过法律解释与合同实现。为落实此框架,应构建分层确权制度、差异化审查机制、支撑性配套措施及相应的权利限制规则,最终实现商标非遗保护的良性循环。 The trademark protection of intangible cultural heritage(ICH)has consistently encountered challenges in practice,rooted in the jurisprudential conflicts between trademark law and the ICH protection system across the dimensions of private versus collective interests,exclusivity versus public accessibility,and distinctiveness versus genericity.Given the reconcilable nature of these conflicts,this study introduces the theory of public goods to categorize ICH signs into three types:social,communal,and individual.Based on the theory of rights limitation,differentiated constrained empowerment mechanisms are designed for each type of ICH signs.Due to their universal public nature,social ICH signs should be absolutely prohibited from registration through additional legislative clauses.Communal ICH signs require protection via collective trademarks,subject to restrictions such as prior informed consent and benefit-sharing,which should be clearly defined by specialized legislation.Individual ICH signs,given their private good characteristics,can be transformed through innovation into expressions of private rights and registered as ordinary trademarks.However,their use must adhere to cultural constraints,which can be implemented through legal interpretations and contractual agreements.To implement this framework,stratified rights confirmation systems,differentiated review mechanisms,supportive measures,and corresponding rights limitation rules should be established,ultimately fostering a virtuous cycle in the trademark protection of intangible cultural heritage.

作者赵家仪武迪 Zhao Jiayi;Wu Di

机构地区中南财经政法大学知识产权研究中心

出处《河南社会科学》北大核心 2026年第2期87-99,共13页 Henan Social Sciences

基金国家社会科学基金重大项目“数字时代知识产权法基本范畴体系创新研究”(24&ZD132)。

关键词非物质文化遗产商标公共物品理论权利限制类型化 Intangible Cultural Heritage Trademarks Public Goods Theory Limitations on Rights Typology

分类号 D9 [政治法律—法学]

作者简介赵家仪,男,中南财经政法大学知识产权研究中心教授、博士生导师,主要从事民商法、知识产权法研究;武迪,女,中南财经政法大学知识产权研究中心博士研究生,主要从事知识产权法研究。