摘要
19世纪末20世纪初,面对海难事故多发的严峻形势和救助活动混乱局面,中国制定了《保护中外船只遭风遇险章程》,英国出现了劳氏救助合同。劳氏救助合同在20世纪初期得到推广,以《1910年国际救助公约》方式获得众多国家承认和采纳。仔细研究中英两国海难救助制度可以发现,相互之间存在6项原则。这些原则或相同相近,或截然对立,或有所缺失,然而从两国当时的文化传统、法律观念来讲,都是可以理解的。不过,随着时间推移,中英两国各项海难救助原则的缺点在实践中逐渐显现出来,并通过文化交流互鉴,渐趋一致。英国的公平救助原则得到包括中国在内的众多国家采纳,中国的军舰、公务船救助有奖有报酬原则在《1989年国际救助公约》中体现出来。至于两国相似相近的“无效果无报酬”“有效果有报酬”原则,都不得不采用“特殊补贴”制度,加以纠偏。
At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century,faced with the grim situation of frequent shipwrecks and the chaotic situation of rescue activities,China formulated the Charter for Rescue of Chinese and Foreign Ships in Distress,and Lloyd’s Rescue Contract appeared in Britain.Lloyd’s salvage contract was actively promoted by the British government in the early 20th century,and was recognized and adopted by many countries in the form of the 1910 International Salvage Convention.A careful study of the salvage systems of China and Britain reveals that there are six principles between them.These principles are similar or identical,or completely opposite,or lacking,but they are understandable from the cultural traditions and legal concepts of the two countries at that time.However,with the passage of time,the shortcomings of various rescue principles between China and Britain have gradually emerged in practice,and they have gradually become consistent through cultural exchanges and mutual learning.Britain’s principle of fair rescue has been adopted by many countries,including China,and China’s principle of rewarding warships and official ships is embodied in the 1989 International Salvage Convention.As for the similar principle of“no cure no pay”and“effective and rewarding”in the two countries,they all had to adopt the system of“special subsidy”to correct the deviation.
作者
王宏斌
WANG Hongbin(Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an 710119,China)
出处
《安徽史学》
北大核心
2025年第6期24-33,共10页
Historical Research In Anhui
关键词
原则
劳氏救助合同
《保护中外船只遭风遇险章程》
《1910年国际救助公约》
principle
Lloyd’s rescue contract
Articles of Association for Rescue of Chinese and Foreign Ships in Distress
International Salvage Convention,1910
作者简介
王宏斌(1954-),男,河南洛阳人,陕西师范大学人文社会科学高等研究院研究员。
