中国现代史家的传统史学观及其理性特征——兼论中国现代史家的流派划分问题

Chinese Modern Historians’Concepts of Chinese Traditional History and Its Rational Characteristics:Also on the Schools of Modern Chinese Historians

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摘要历史研究主要使用工具理性、价值理性和实践理性。不同理性的使用不仅是方法的不同,也反映了文化观的差异。中国现代不同流派史家对中国传统史学的认识,就反映出三种不同的理性特征和价值取向。新考据派史家审视传统史学时,强调科学精神和方法的作用,是工具理性的思维,将价值理性排除在外,是唯科学主义和西方中心主义的。文化保守主义史家大体主张价值理性与工具理性的统一,对传统史学作了较全面的阐述和传承。但是,他们强调道德理性的主体性,体现了中国文化道德实践理性的特点,对传统史学的非科学性和专制性缺乏批评。马克思主义史家以实践理性看待传统史学,批判传统史学不适于革命的需要。不过,由于他们过分强调史学的革命性,其研究往往没有做到科学性与革命性的统一。其他派别史家评述传统史学时,具体认识虽然与上述三派多有不同,总体上仍是以工具理性的取向为主。 Historical research mainly uses instrumental rationality,value rationality and practical rationality.The use of different rationality by historians is not only the difference of methods,but also reflects the difference of cultural views.The different concepts of Chinese traditional history by different schools of modern Chinese historians reflected three different rational characteristics and value orientations.The historians of the new textual school examined the traditional historiography and emphasized the role of scientific spirit and method.This was instrumental rational thinking,excluding value rationality,was scientism and occidentalism.Historians of cultural conservatism generally advocated the unity of value rationality and instrumental rationality,and made a more comprehensive elaboration and inheritance of traditional historiography.However,they put more emphasis on the subjectivity of moral reason,reflecting the characteristics of moral practical reason in Chinese culture,and lacked of criticism on the non-scientific and authoritarian nature of traditional history.Marxist historians treated traditional historiography with practical reason and criticized that traditional historiography was not suitable for the needs of revolution.Because they overemphasized the revolutionary nature of historiography,their research failed to achieve the unity of scientific spirit and revolutionary nature.Historians of other schools commented on traditional history,although their specific understandings were different from the above three schools of historians,they still mainly adopted the orientation of instrumental rationality.

作者徐国利 XU Guoli(College of Humanities,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区上海财经大学人文学院

出处《安徽史学》北大核心 2025年第4期5-15,共11页 Historical Research In Anhui

关键词新考据派史家文化保守主义史家马克思主义史家其他派别史家传统史学观理性特征 the historians of the new textual school historians of cultural conservatism Marxist historians historians of other schools the concept of Chinese traditional history rational characteristics

分类号 K825.1 [历史地理—历史学]

作者简介徐国利(1966-),男,安徽祁门人,上海财经大学人文学院教授、博士生导师,历史学博士。