摘要
文物中的血残留物与古人生产生活息息相关,故其分析测试能为古代社会宗教礼制、社会发展、科技进步、风俗习惯等研究提供方方面面的信息,具有重要的学术研究价值。目前,文物血残留物分析大致可分为化学法和仪器法两类。化学法主要依赖于血红蛋白中铁卟啉结构具有的过氧化物酶活性,其能够催化如还原酚酞和四甲基联苯胺等发生显色反应,以此对可能含有血残留物的考古样品进行初步筛选。此外,血色原结晶法也曾用于文物血残留物分析,但其可靠性备受争议。尽管传统化学法简单、快捷且低成本,但由于外界物质的干扰,容易产生假阳性结果。因此,缺乏较强的准确性和特异性。随着科学进步以及交叉学科的发展,仪器分析方法,尤其是谱学方法逐渐运用于科技考古当中,借助质谱、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、 X射线荧光光谱等仪器分析方法可以进一步鉴定血液中的血红蛋白和铁卟啉等成分。谱学方法准确性高且样品消耗量少,甚至能做到无损分析,但存在样品制备过程复杂、测试成本高等问题。总的来看,目前对文物血残留物的分析主要限于局部、零散的案例研究,分析方法缺乏完整性和系统性。因此,本文梳理了国内外血残留物分析测试方法研究和应用情况,明确每种方法的优缺点及适用范围,以便为后续建立一套完整的文物血残留物检测分析方法体系提供有益参考。
Blood residues in artifacts are closely connected to ancient people's production and daily life.Analyzing these residues can offer valuable insights into ancient social and religious rites,societal development,technological advances,customs,and practices,making it highly significant for academic research.Currently,methods for analyzing blood residues in artifacts are generally divided into chemical and instrumental categories.Chemical methods rely on the peroxidase activity of the heme structure in hemoglobin,which can catalyze color reactions in compounds such as phenolphthalein and tetramethylbenzidine,allowing for preliminary screening of archaeological samples that might contain blood residues.The hematochromic crystal test has also been used to analyze blood residues on artifacts,but its reliability has been widely debated.Although traditional chemical methods are straightforward,quick,and cost-effective,they are susceptible to false positive results due to external interferences.In addition,these methods lack accuracy and specificity.With advancements in science and interdisciplinary approaches,instrumental methods,particularly spectroscopic techniques,have become increasingly prevalent in scientific archaeology.Instruments like mass spectrometry,Raman spectroscopy,UV-visible absorption spectroscopy,and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy can further identify compounds such as hemoglobin and heme in blood.Spectroscopic methods offer high accuracy and minimal sample consumption and can even be non-destructive,though they face challenges such as complex sample preparation and high costs.Overall,current analyses of blood residues in artifacts are mostly limited to isolated case studies,with methods lacking completeness and systematic integration.This paper reviews domestic and international research and application of blood residue analysis methods,clarifying each method's advantages,limitations,and suitable applications to provide useful references for developing a comprehensive blood residue detection and analysis system in the future.
作者
黄雅雯
闫冰冰
董佳宁
刘妍
杨富巍
张坤
王鲁
温睿
杨璐
王丽琴
HUANG Ya-wen;YAN Bing-bing;DONG Jia-ning;LIU Yan;YANG Fu-wei;ZHANG Kun;WANG Lu;WEN Rui;YANG Lu;WANG Li-qin(China-Central Asia“the Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;School of Culture Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China)
出处
《光谱学与光谱分析》
北大核心
2025年第6期1508-1513,共6页
Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0903800)
国家自然科学基金项目(B050121975202,52108031)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2023-JC-YB-097)资助
关键词
文物
血残留物
分析方法
Cultural relics
Blood residues
Analytical methods
作者简介
黄雅雯,女,2001年生,西北大学文化遗产学院硕士研究生,e-mail:2484626892@qq.com;通讯作者:杨富巍,e-mail:yangfuwei@nwu.edu.cn;通讯作者:张坤,kun.zhang@nwu.edu.cn。
