摘要
青藏高原在环境和生物演化上具有重要地位,但长期以来被视为人类难以踏足的“生命禁区”。随着考古工作的推进,青藏高原发现的旧石器时代文化遗存日益丰富。本文以西藏自治区为重点区域,对青藏高原的阿舍利技术、石叶技术、细石叶技术与石核-石片技术四类遗存进行梳理,并对其分布、来源、年代及相关科学问题加以探讨。青藏高原旧石器时代考古材料目前尚未形成谱系,近年来的突破性进展揭示了系统调查、精细发掘与多学科研究在高原考古中的巨大潜力。高原早期人类活动与适应理论模型的建立,还需要加强对高原外部旧石器时代文化的理解、发展考古材料解释手段并深化对景观历时变化的认识。
The Tibetan Plateau is key to environmental and biological evolution but has long been considered a“forbidden zone”for human habitation.With the advancement of archaeological work,lithic remains on the Plateau,including the high-altitude Xizang Autonomous Region,have encompassed technologies such as core-flake,blade,microblade and handaxe.Taking Xizang Autonomous Region as the focus area,this article reviews archaeological discoveries,chronological frameworks,and understandings of technological origins by different lithic technologies on the Plateau.Handaxe technology had spread to the south-eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau before 130 ka,represented by Piluo site.But the available materials are not sufficient to support its distribution to the interior Plateau sites like Xiada Co and Nwya Devu site.Blade assemblages are discovered concentrated around Siling Co.Excavation of Nwya Devu site suggests that hunter-gatherers using prismatic blade cores arrived at the interior Plateau before 40 kaBP.However,no reliable Levallois elements have been found on the Plateau.Due to the paucity of archaeological findings,it is difficult to determine the exact dispersal routes of blade technology so far.More than 100 localities on the Plateau suggest that microblade technology reached the northeastern part of the Plateau from North China around 14 kaBP to 10 kaBP,then spread across the Plateau at 8 kaBP to 7 kaBP.Due to the introduction of agriculture and pastoralism,it finally retreated to the marginal valleys of the Plateau after 5.5 kaBP.Core-flake technology was also widespread on the Tibetan Plateau.Some core-flake assemblages may be contemporaneous with microblade remains but separated from them due to the lack of stratigraphic context.Some scholars have suggested that there are also Middle Paleolithic coreflake remains,which are not common in other parts of East Asia.Nevertheless,the evidence is not robust yet.Dated core-flake sites are found on both east and west sides of the Plateau.On the northeastern Plateau,core-flake remains are dated back to 190 kaBP in Baishiya Karst Cave.The Jiangjunfu 1 site also yields core-flake assemblages of MIS 5.At Piluo,core-flake remains present in both upper and lower cultural layers of the stratum containing handaxes.On the western Plateau,the cave site excavated recently is reported to contain two differentiated coreflake assemblages earlier than 53 kaBP and 45 kaBP.Due to environmental and historical factors,the quantity and quality of archaeological work on Tibetan Plateau are insufficient.Therefore,systematic investigations,excavations and multidisciplinary researches are strongly needed.In addition,understanding of the Paleolithic outside the Plateau,developing interpretative methods for archaeological materials and deepening knowledge of landscape diachronic changes are also required for a better comprehension of the process and mechanism of human peopling and adaption on the Plateau.
作者
张晓凌
王呈祥
谭韵瑶
靳英帅
杨紫衣
王社江
ZHANG Xiaoling;WANG Chengxiang;TAN Yunyao;JIN Yingshuai;YANG Ziyi;WANG Shejiang(Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044;University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049;Cultural Relics Conservation Institute of the Xizang Autonomous Region,Lhasa 850000)
出处
《人类学学报》
2024年第6期967-978,I0008-I0014,共19页
Acta Anthropologica Sinica
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(23&ZD268)。
关键词
青藏高原
旧石器时代
石器技术
人类活动
Tibetan Plateau
Paleolithic
Lithic technology
Human activity
作者简介
张晓凌,研究员,从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail:zhangxiaoling@ivpp.ac.cn。
