摘要
我国数据地方性法规数目众多,涉及事项广泛、内容多元。然而,这种“碎片化”的立法可能向市场主体发出消极信号,抑制其市场参与意愿,阻碍数字经济蓬勃发展。地方立法者未审慎评核相关事项能否在地方性法规中予以规定,是造成上述困境的重要原因。应以“地方性事务”“中央立法权专属”“不抵触、不重复”等方面出发,构建数据事项对应立法效力位阶的评价标准。将之适用到既有地方数据立法涉及事项能够推出,地方性法规可以就政府职能和事权分配、公共数据界定与共享利用等事项制定规则;与数据权属和流通交易、数据来源者的在先权益、数据违法行为的法律责任有关的事项,则不适合在地方性法规中规定。对于权力机关、市场主体与我国参与国际法律竞争来说,推动全国性的数据立法仍有必要。立法者应由实践中的实际需求出发,确定全国性数据立法所规范的内容。
China currently has a multitude of local data regulations addressing a broad spectrum of issues.Although this extensive regulation aims to address various concerns,its fragmented nature may inadvertently deter market participants,diminishing their enthusiasm for engagement and impeding the robust development of the digital economy.This predicament arises from insufficient consideration by local legislators regarding whether certain issues are appropriately addressed at the local level.To rectify this sit-uation,a comprehensive evaluation standard centered on the principles of local affairs,'the central government's exclusive do-main of legislative power,'and'non-conflict,non-duplication'should be established.This framework would provide a clear hier-archy of legislative authority for data-related matters,facilitating efficient and effective regulation.When applying this standard to existing local data regulations,it becomes evident that local regulations are suitable for establishing rules governing government functions and duties,as well as for defining,sharing,and utilizing public data.However,issues related to data ownership and circulation,individual data rights,and legal liabilities for data violations are not conducive to local regulation.The necessity for national data legislation is further highlighted by the need for a cohesive approach across legislative bodies,market participants,and within China's participation in global regulatory competition.Such legislation should be driven by practical needs and provide clear definitions of the specific content subject to regulation.
作者
葛江虬
GE Jiangqiu(Law School,Fudan University,Shanghai 200438,China)
出处
《法学论坛》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第5期86-98,共13页
Legal Forum
基金
国家社科基金重点项目“生成式人工智能的法律定位与分层治理研究”(23AFX009)的阶段性成果。
关键词
地方性法规
数据立法
数据确权
公共数据
法律保留
local regulations
data legislation
data ownership
public data
reservation of law
作者简介
葛江虬(1988-),男,上海市人,法学博士,复日大学法学院副教授,主要研究方向:消费者法学、网络与信息法。
