摘要
简牍对秦及汉初的“寡”在爵位、户籍、经济生活等方面皆有反映。“寡”可有爵,“大夫寡”“上造寡”“关内侯寡”等是“袭”或继承其亡夫爵位的有爵者。“寡”可“为户”,并有权继承其夫、子的财产,但也受到一定限制。官府对有“寡”家庭在徭役征发、户籍“分异”、养老等方面有一定照顾。“寡”可通过开垦荒田、种植农桑、纺织等获得生活资料,亦可通过工商信贷获得经济利益,并有代表家庭向官府登记财产(占赀)和纳税的义务。“寡”如犯“赀”罪,需交纳“赀钱”,亦可根据规定享有“复”的优待。上述政策的实施,与两性社会分工差异、特殊历史背景下男性的大量非正常死亡、国家扩大赋役征课范围以及奖励军功、保障军队战斗力等因素相关。
The bamboo slips reflect the“widows”of Qin and early Han Dynasty in terms of title,household registration,inheritance of property and economic life.The“widow”can have a title,the“Dafu Gua”,“Shangzao Gua”,“Guanneihou Gua”and so on are follow or inheriting the title of his deceased husband.Widows can be heads of household,and Inherit the property of his husband and son,and at the same time,it's also limited.The government has some care for the families with“widows”in the aspects of household registration“differentiation”,pension,corvee expropriation and so on.The“widow”can obtain economic benefits through industrial and commercial credit,as well as the means of livelihood through reclamation of wasteland,cultivation of mulberry,textiles and woodcutting.They also have the obligation to register property(“Zhan Zi”)and pay taxes to the government on behalf of their families.If a widow commits“Zi Zui”,she must pay“Zi Qian”,and she can enjoy the preference of“Fu”according to the regulations.The implementation of the above-mentioned policies is closely related to the differences in social division of labor between men and women and the large number of abnormal deaths of men under special historical conditions,the reward of military merit by the state,the improvement of the combat effectiveness of the army,and the expansion of the scope of Taxation and levy.
出处
《中国经济史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第2期69-83,共15页
Researches in Chinese Economic History
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“秦汉三国简牍经济史料汇编与研究”(批准号:19ZDA196)
国家社科基金一般项目“新出简牍与秦汉土地制度研究”(批准号:19BZS023)的阶段性成果之一
南京师范大学博士学位论文优秀选题资助计划(编号:YXXT18_008)资助。
关键词
寡
爵位
户主
“赀”
“复”
Widow
Rank of Nobility
Household Head
“Zi”
“Fu”
作者简介
孙玉荣,南京师范大学历史系博士研究生,南京,210097,邮箱:sunyurong1981_0@sina.com。
