摘要
《史记》比较句有极比句、差比句、平比句、较比句四大类。每大类又可以分为若干小类,如极比句又可分为肯定极比句(包括"最"字极比句、"至"字极比句、"极"字极比句、"第一""冠"字极比句)、否定极比句(如"莫/无"字极比句)和反问极比句(如"孰"字极比句);差比句又可以分为肯定差比句和否定差比句;平比句又有表示比照、比拟、比喻、等同等小类;较比句又分为泛比句和疑比句两类。《史记》极比句的比较基准因语境自明往往不出现;差比句的比较主体、比较词、比较基准和结论项基本俱现;平比句的比较词兼有结论项的功能;较比句的比较主体、比较词、比较基准相当于泛比句(假设复句)的前一分句或疑比句的问话部分,而结论项则相当于泛比句(假设复句)的后一分句或疑比句的答话部分。《史记》比较句的汉语史价值表现为,极比句的结论项可由名词或名词性短语充当,差比句结论项可以由数词、量词或数量短语充当,泛比句的"比"是平比句的"比"向差比句的"比"过度的桥梁。
Comparative Sentences in Shih Chi can be divided into four types：superlative comparative sentences,unequal comparative sentences,equal comparative sentences and general comparative sentences.Each type is composed of several small categories.For example,superlative comparative sentences includes positive ones（ ＂ zui＂ superlative comparative sentences, ＂zhi＂ superlative comparative sentences, ＂ji＂ superlative comparative sentences and ＂first＂ / ＂guan＂ superlative comparative sentences）,negative ones（ ＂ mo＂ / ＂ wu＂ superlative comparative sentences）and rhetorical-question ones（ ＂shu＂ superlative comparative sentences）.Unequal comparative sentences consist of positive ones and negative ones.Equal comparative sentences can be divided into comparison,analogy,metaphor,parallel and so on.General comparative sentences are composed of vague ones and seeming ones.Comparative references of superlative comparative sentences in Shih Chi are so obvious that they often don＇t show in the article;while unequal comparative sentences usually have a comparative subject,a comparative word,a comparative reference and a conclusion section.In the equal comparative sentences,the comparative words also act as conclusions.The comparative subject,comparative word and comparative reference in general comparative sentences are equal to the first part of vague comparative sentences（hypothetical compound sentences）or the question part of seeming comparative sentences,while the conclusion part of it is equal to the second part of vague comparative sentences（hypothetical compound sentences）and the answer part of seeming comparative sentences.The Chinese-history values of comparative sentences in Shih Chi are as follows：noun or nominal phrase can function as the conclusion part in superlative comparative sentences;numeral,measure,and quantity phrase can play the role of the conclusion part in unequal comparative sentences;what＇s more,the comparison way in general comparative sentences is the transitional bridge from that in equal comparative sentences to unequal comparative sentences.
出处
《上饶师范学院学报》
2016年第4期39-48,共10页
Journal of Shangrao Normal University
基金
江西省社会科学规划项目(12yy26)
关键词
《史记》
比较句
极比句
平比句
差比句
较比句
Shih Chi
comparative sentence
superlative comparative sentences
equal comparative sentences
unequal comparative sentences
general comparative sentences
作者简介
章新传（1962-），男，江醇余江人，教授，硕士，从事汉语史研究。E—mail：js1809@163．com
