摘要
未来中国制造业发展所面临的深层次困境和挑战,不仅要求中国政府和企业充分吸收和学习发达工业国家工业化过程中的普遍制度、政策安排和共性创新实践,更要求中国从自身独特的产业基础、人力资源、市场需求和文化特征出发,构建并不断提升其独特的制造业核心能力。比较研究和历史分析显示,任何工业强国都具有不易模仿、不易扩散的核心技术能力,而能够促成后发国家跃升成为工业强国的制度安排,必然要与该国制造业的核心技术能力相匹配。与核心技术能力相适应的制度安排,既具有发达工业国家制度安排的一般性,更具有路径依赖和一国独特能力所决定的异质性,而只有制度安排中的那些异质性成分才能构成工业强国的组织能力,并与技术能力一起在具有"战略互补性"特征的演化过程中相互增强。但由于没有认识到中国制造业核心能力的特异性,目前国内学术界主流的制度观研究常常在复杂的实证分析之后提出一些各国共性的制度安排作为其对中国建设工业强国的政策建议,在这种情况下,其作为规范研究的意义自然就会大打折扣。与美、日、德、韩等工业强国相比,中国制造业的优势主要体现在模块化架构产品和大型复杂装备领域,而在产品架构一体化领域、制造工艺一体化领域以及既具有一体化特征又需要前沿科技支撑的核心零部件领域相对缺乏优势。未来中国制造业核心能力提升的可能方向,一是通过架构创新和标准创新加强将一体化架构产品转化为模块化架构的能力,缩短或者破坏产品生命周期演进的一般路径;二是针对国外技术与中国本土市场需求不匹配的机会,充分利用中国的市场和制造优势,不断提升复杂装备的架构创新和集成能力。以这样的学术理解为评价标准,《中国制造2025》本质上仅仅是一个政策力度更大的传统产业政策,而没有从根本上回答中国制造业"往何处去"和"如何去"的问题。
The deep-rooted difficulties and challenges that Chinese manufacturing industries are likely to confront require China to build its core competencies on its unique industrial bases, human resources, market demand, and cultural characteristic and improve these competences continuously. Comparative analyses and historical research reveal consistently that every advanced industrialized country possesses core technical competencies that are difficult to imitate and to diffuse. In addition, institutional arrangements that help to turn a latecomer into a strong industrial country should always fit the core technical competences of its manufacturing sectors. These appropriate institutional arrangements are characterized by homogeneity among advanced industrial countries, as well as by path dependency and heterogeneity rooted in unique competences of a particular country. Yet, organizational capabilities of an advanced industrial country, which interact with technical capabilities and enhance each other mutually in a co-evolutionary process featured by strategic complements, consists only of heterogeneous rather than homogeneous institutional arrangements. Compared to the United States, Japan, Germany, Korea and other advanced industrial countries, the advantages of Chinese manufacturing industries lie mainly in the manufacturing of modular products and large complex equipment while the disadvantages lie in the fields of product architectural integration, manufacturing technique integration, and core components requiring both integration and cutting-edge technologies. There are two potential avenues to enhance the core competences of Chinese manufacturing industries. The first is to strengthen the capabilities of turning integrated products into modular products through architectural innovation and standard creation. The second is to make the most of the mismatch between foreign technologies and China＇s local market and to enhance the capabilities of architectural innovation and integration in the field of complicated equipment. From this perspective, ＂Manufacturing in China 2015＂ in essence provide only stronger conventional industrial policies but no answers to a more foundational question-where Chinese manufacturing industries should go.
出处
《中国工业经济》
CSSCI
北大核心
2015年第6期5-17,共13页
China Industrial Economics
基金
国家自然科学基金应急项目"十三五"时期我国经济社会发展若干重大问题的政策研究"(批准号71441031)
关键词
制造业
技术能力
组织能力
产业政策
manufacturing
technological capability
organizational capability
industry policy
作者简介
黄群慧（1966-），男，河北石家庄人，中国社会科学院工业经济研究所所长，研究员，博士生导师
贺俊（1976-），男，山西太原人，中国社会科学院工业经济研究所副研究员。
