摘要
民族学于20世纪初传入中国，至今已有百年历史了。这百年历史可以划分为三个时期：旧中国时代的民族学、新中国前期的民族学和新时期（1978～2008）以来的民族学。
在旧中国时代，中国的民族学界主要依托于西方各学派的理论和方法，在几十所大学开设了民族学人类学课程。到了新中国前期的20世纪50年代，中国民族学界又成为苏维埃民族学派的一支，曾为民族识别和少数民族社会历史调查作出卓越贡献，并为新中国民族政策的制定提供了重要依据和参考。新时期以来，在与西方学术界完全断绝来往30年之后，中国民族学界再次融入国际学术界，成为国际民族学界的一员。经过近30年的努力，它已全面开放，不再自囿于某一学派或观点，并已初步自立门户，在学术上已形成了自己的本土化特点，一个中国民族学派——以马克思主义为指导的历史功能学派已初现端倪。
新时期以前，民族学曾先后被称为“资产阶级学科”和“修正主义学科”而被撤销。近30年，是中国民族学学科发展最迅速，也是成果最丰富的时期。这30年的学科发展可以再划分为三个阶段：20世纪80年代的恢复与重建时期；20世纪90年代的初步发展与研究领域的拓展时期；2000年以后发展的黄金时期。
Historically, ethnology had been introduced into China in the early years of the twentieth century. Since then, this hundred--year--long history could be categorized to three phases： the ethnology in the ＂Old China＂; the ethnology in the ＂New China＂ and the ethnology in the ＂New Period＂ （1978--2008）.
In the phase of the ＂Old China＂, relying on introducing the western approaches both in theory and in methodology, Chinese ethnological circles offered the courses of ethnology in dozens of universities. In 1950s, the early years of the ＂New China＂, Chinese ethnological society became a branch of the soviet ethnological school and made great contributions to the ethnic recognitions as well as to the studies on society and history of the ethnic minorities which definitely provided the academic bases for the ethnic policies formulated and practiced by the ＂New China＂ government. During the ＂New Period＂, after 30 years＂ isolation from the outside world, Chinese ethnology fused again into the western academic circles and became part of the international ethnological society. Right now, Chinese ethnology has been constructed as an open academic domain and lifted out of the stereotype doctrines based on a certain school or ideology. Moreover, at the same time, it begins to usher its own orientations and forms its own localized style. A Chinese school in ethnology, historical functionalism directed by Marxism, has emerged.
Before the ＂New period＂, ethnology used to be caneelled due to its character as a ＂ bourgeois＂and ＂revisionist＂ academic subject. This 30-year-long period when the Chi- nese ethnology developed the most rapidly and fruitfully could also be categorized into three decades; the first decade （1980s） was the time of restoration and reconstruction; the second decade （1990s） was the period of the primary development and the enlargement of study fields; the present （after the year 2000） is actually ＂the golden time＂ with respect to the subject development
出处
《西北民族研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2009年第2期14-38,192,共26页
Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies
关键词
民族学
回顾
总结
Ethnology
review
summary
作者简介
杨圣敏（1951-），男，回族，中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院教授，博士生导师，“985工程”中国当代民族问题战略研究基地首席专家。北京100081
