摘要
从尼布楚条约前后到第二次鸦片战争,清朝通过外交、经贸等各方面与俄国的联系,积累了大量关于俄国的知识。18世纪前期,清朝关于俄国的知识开始形成。到18世纪中期,乾隆朝一系列官方典籍的编纂表明,清朝基本形成了基于尼布楚条约和恰克图商贸外交体系的官方关于俄国的知识。此后的100年,清朝官方关于俄国的知识一直在完善,其集大成者便是代表清朝"俄国研究"最高水平的著作《朔方备乘》。但是,从乾隆朝到第二次鸦片战争,清朝官方主导的关于俄国知识的核心,逐渐固化成为对恰克图商贸外交体系的认知。清朝官员和士人一方面不断积累和整理关于恰克图的知识,另一方面却忽视了关于俄国本身的更丰富的知识。最终,面对19世纪60年代开始的中俄关系新形势,乾嘉道咸时期精细化的"俄国学"落伍于时代了。
From the time when the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed and the Second Opium War,the Qing Empire had got lots of knowledge about Russia through their diplomatic and economic relations.As a result,in early 18 th century,the Qing Empire had formed its own knowledge about Russia.By middle of the 18 th century,based on the Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Kyakhta network of trade and diplomacy,the official version of knowledge on Russia had been shaped,which could be observed by the compilation of a series of official classics during the Qianlong period.In the following century,official knowledge on Russia had been improved and perfected,which was best embodied by the most representative work of Shuo fang bei cheng.However,from the Qianlong period to the Second Opium War,the official knowledge of Russia gradually turned to be just understanding about the Kyakhta network of trade and diplomacy.On the one hand,officials and scholars of the Qing dynasty kept accumulating knowledge about Kyakhta,on the other hand they neglected other aspects of Russia.As a result,when facing new Sino-Russian relationship in 1860 s,refined"Russian studies"from Qianlong to Xianfeng era became outdated.
出处
《俄罗斯研究》
CSSCI
2021年第2期111-133,共23页
Russian Studies
基金
2019年国家社科基金青年项目“全球史视域下17世纪中俄两国早期交往的跨族群、跨大陆、跨文化特征研究”(项目批准号:19CSS033)的中期成果
关键词
尼布楚条约
恰克图体系
《朔方备乘》
俄国知识
中俄关系
Treaty of Nerchinsk
the Kyakhta network of trade and diplomacy
knowledge on Russia
Sino-Russian relation
作者简介
孔源,首都师范大学历史学院讲师、历史地理学博士。
